Kuyerera uye kuyerwa kwesediment kune Three Gorges Project

Abstract
Dambudziko rekuyerera uye sediment ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinokanganisa basa rekutumira uye hupenyu hweTatu Gorges Project (TGP). Nzira dzakawanda dzakashandiswa kutsvagisa kuyerera uye matambudziko emarara eTGP panguva yekuratidzira, kuronga, dhizaini, kuvaka uye kushanda, uye akawanda akakosha mhedzisiro akawanikwa. Kuti tinzwisise kufambira mberi kwekuyerera uye kuyerwa kwetsvina mumapurojekiti evamiriri veChina uye ruzivo rwekutarisa madhamu mumadhamu makuru makuru, kuyerera uye kuyerwa kwevhu reTGP kunonyanya kuunzwa mubepa rino. Inosanganisira mamiriro akajairwa eTGP, kugoverwa kweiyo hydrological station network, zviyero zvekuyera, tekinoroji nyowani yekuyera, uye shanduko yemarara mudhamu uye pasi pemvura mushure mekuiswa kweTGP. Mhedzisiro yekuyerwa kwesediment inoratidza kuti mamiriro ekutanga ematambudziko epasi akanaka, uye matambudziko aya anogona kuunganidza, kukura, uye kushanduka nekufamba kwenguva, saka anofanirwa kupihwa kutariswa nguva dzose.

1 SUMO
Iyo Three Gorges Project (TGP) ndiyo hombe kuchengetedza mvura uye hydro-power chirongwa pasi rose. Dhamu iri kuSandouping, Yichang Guta, Hubei Province, unova mutsetse unopatsanura pakati pepakati-kurukova nepamusoro pehukova hweRwizi rweYangtze. Iyo inodzora nzvimbo yemvura ye1 miriyoni km2, uye avhareji yegore rose inoyerera inosvika 451,000 miriyoni m3. Nemafashamo ekuchengetera huwandu hwe22.15 bhiriyoni cubic metres, chirongwa ichi chinoita basa rakakura mukudzora mafashama erwizi rweYangtze. Iine mwero wakajairwa wakavharirwa we175 m, huwandu hwese hwekuchengetera reservoir i39,300 uye 22,150 miriyoni m3 yaro ndiko kugona kutonga mafashama. Kuvandudzwa kweTGP kunotarisa pakudzivirira mafashama, kugadzira magetsi, uye mabhenefiti ekufambisa mvura. Ichavandudzawo nharaunda ye ecology. Munguva iyoyo, mabhenefiti akazara maererano nekudzora mafashama, kufamba, kugadzira magetsi, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura zvakaunzwa.

Sechikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwemafashama pakati nepakati nepasi peRwizi rweYangtze, TGP inodzora 96% yemvura inopinda muJingjiang River, iyo ine njodzi yakanyanya chikamu cherwizi panguva yemafashamo, uye pamusoro pezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvekupinda kuWuhan. Iyo TGP inoita basa rinokosha mukudzikamisa mafashamo uye mukudzikisa mafashama makuru munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzeRwizi rweYangtze. Pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu, dhamu rakanga radzora mvura inosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi masere emvura munguva yemafashamo. Yakaona kupinda kweanopfuura 70,000 cubic metres pasekondi muna 2010, 2012 uye kuderedzwa kwepamusoro pemafashama nezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana, zvichirerutsa zvakanyanya kudzora mafashama munzvimbo dzakaderera. Munguva yekusanaya kwemvura, kubuda kwemvura kwakakwidziridzwa kusvika kune anopfuura 5500 cubic metres pasekondi, zvichipa anopfuura mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emacubic metres emvura pagore kunzvimbo dzepakati nedzakadzika dzeRwizi rweYangtze.

Iyo prototype yekutarisa inoitwa kushandira sediment research, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP munguva dzakasiyana. Zviyero zveprototype zvakashandiswa kuongorora kusiyanisa kwekumhanya uye kuremerwa kwesediment munzira huru yeRwizi rweYangtze, pamwe nekushanduka nekushanduka kwerwizi. Kugoverwa kwemasaiti kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Mhedzisiro yemazuva ano yekutarisa inowirirana nedanho rekuita (Lu & Huang, 2013), asi nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwevhu rekumusoro uye kuvakwa kwemvura inoyerera paRwizi Jinsha mushure memakore ekuma1990, iyo sedimentation yeTatu Gorges mudiki diki (TGR) inokonzeresa. kusimba uye chinhambwe chekukukurwa kwerwizi kuzasi kweTGP.

2 HYDROLOGIC NETWORK DESIGN UYE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Kuunganidza data rekutanga uye kupa masevhisi ekuvaka einjiniya yekuvaka, iyo Changjiang Water Resources Commission zvishoma nezvishoma yakamisa huwandu hukuru hwezviteshi zve hydrological padyo nerukova rukuru uye madiki eRwizi rweYangtze kubvira kuma1950s. Pakazosvika ma1990s, yakakwana hydrological station network uye sediment monitoring network yakanga yanyatso umbwa. Inosanganisira 118 hydrological stations uye anopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu gauging station. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hukuru hwekuongororwa kwenzizi uye basa rekuongorora sediment rakapedzwa. Iyo hydrological uye sediment yekutarisa data yemakumi emakore apfuura kuzvizvarwa zvakati kuti yakapa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuratidzira, dhizaini, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP.

Iyo prototype yekutarisa inoitwa kushandira sediment kutsvagisa, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGR munguva dzakasiyana. Mushure mekunge dziva ratanga kuchengetwa kwaro muna 2003, nyaya yetsvina yakaonekwa kumusoro nepasi, uye prototype yekutarisa uye inoenderana sediment tsvakiridzo yakaitwa kuti ishande kushanda kweTGP zvakananga. Chinangwa chekutarisa chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu: Kubata iyo yekumashure data yeyakasikwa chiteshi chimiro usati wavhara zvachose; Kuita mareferensi echisarudzo chehurongwa hwekumisikidza nhanho; chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa kusiyanisa kwekukukurwa kwevhu uye kuiswa kwese kumusoro uye kwakadzika kusvika mushure mekuvhara, nekutsvaga matambudziko, kuitira kuti utore matanho nenguva; kusimbisa tekinoroji yekunyepedzera yakagamuchirwa, uye kuwedzera kuvimbika kweTGP sediment kufanotaura.

Iyo hydrological sediment prototype yekutarisa renji inosanganisira nzvimbo yedhamu, saiti yedhamu, uye nzvimbo dzakaderera. Kubva 1949, zvichibva pachiyero chenguva refu, kutarisa kwechiteshi, uye kuongorora nekuferefeta, yakawanda yeprototype yekutarisa data uye yekuongorora ongororo mhedzisiro yakaunganidzwa, nokudaro inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuronga, kugadzira uye tsvakiridzo yesainzi muchikamu chetsanangudzo. Chikamu chekuvaka ndechenguva kuti chibudirire prophase, uye nguva yakazara yekuvaka ndeye 17a, saka zvinodikanwa kuramba uchiona kuchinja kwemvura, sediment, uye muganhu mamiriro. Izvi hazvingopi chete kutsamira pakugadzira, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuvaka, uye kushanda, asiwo yekusimbisa uye optimization yekugadzira uye mutemo.

Izvo zvekutarisa zvinhu zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira hydrology, sediment, uye chiteshi terrain. Ongororo yechannel terrain inonyanya kuwana kujairana kwekushanduka kwechaneti mumbishi, kugadzikwa kwetsvina padhamu, kukukurwa kwemvura kuzasi, uye shanduko yekiyi inosvika mushure mekuvharirwa kweTGP.

2 HYDROLOGIC NETWORK DESIGN UYE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Kuunganidza data rekutanga uye kupa masevhisi ekuvaka einjiniya yekuvaka, iyo Changjiang Water Resources Commission zvishoma nezvishoma yakamisa huwandu hukuru hwezviteshi zve hydrological padyo nerukova rukuru uye madiki eRwizi rweYangtze kubvira kuma1950s. Pakazosvika ma1990s, yakakwana hydrological station network uye sediment monitoring network yakanga yanyatso umbwa. Inosanganisira 118 hydrological stations uye anopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu gauging station. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hukuru hwekuongororwa kwenzizi uye basa rekuongorora sediment rakapedzwa. Iyo hydrological uye sediment yekutarisa data yemakumi emakore apfuura kuzvizvarwa zvakati kuti yakapa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuratidzira, dhizaini, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP.

Iyo prototype yekutarisa inoitwa kushandira sediment kutsvagisa, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGR munguva dzakasiyana. Mushure mekunge dziva ratanga kuchengetwa kwaro muna 2003, nyaya yetsvina yakaonekwa kumusoro nepasi, uye prototype yekutarisa uye inoenderana sediment tsvakiridzo yakaitwa kuti ishande kushanda kweTGP zvakananga. Chinangwa chekutarisa chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu: Kubata iyo yekumashure data yeyakasikwa chiteshi chimiro usati wavhara zvachose; Kuita mareferensi echisarudzo chehurongwa hwekumisikidza nhanho; chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa kusiyanisa kwekukukurwa kwevhu uye kuiswa kwese kumusoro uye kwakadzika kusvika mushure mekuvhara, nekutsvaga matambudziko, kuitira kuti utore matanho nenguva; kusimbisa tekinoroji yekunyepedzera yakagamuchirwa, uye kuwedzera kuvimbika kweTGP sediment kufanotaura.

Iyo hydrological sediment prototype yekutarisa renji inosanganisira nzvimbo yedhamu, saiti yedhamu, uye nzvimbo dzakaderera. Kubva 1949, zvichibva pachiyero chenguva refu, kutarisa kwechiteshi, uye kuongorora nekuferefeta, yakawanda yeprototype yekutarisa data uye yekuongorora ongororo mhedzisiro yakaunganidzwa, nokudaro inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuronga, kugadzira uye tsvakiridzo yesainzi muchikamu chetsanangudzo. Chikamu chekuvaka ndechenguva kuti chibudirire prophase, uye nguva yakazara yekuvaka ndeye 17a, saka zvinodikanwa kuramba uchiona kuchinja kwemvura, sediment, uye muganhu mamiriro. Izvi hazvingopi chete kutsamira pakugadzira, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuvaka, uye kushanda, asiwo yekusimbisa uye optimization yekugadzira uye mutemo.

Izvo zvekutarisa zvinhu zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira hydrology, sediment, uye chiteshi terrain. Ongororo yechannel terrain inonyanya kuwana kujairana kwekushanduka kwechaneti mumbishi, kugadzikwa kwetsvina padhamu, kukukurwa kwemvura kuzasi, uye shanduko yekiyi inosvika mushure mekuvharirwa kweTGP.

Radar yemvura level kuyerera kumhanya sensor yezviitiko zvakaita seDAMS, yakavhurika chiteshi, uye epasi pevhu pombi network, inogona kutarisa data munguva chaiyo.