Kuyerwa kwemvura uye kuyerera kwevhu reThree Gorges Project

Pfupiso
Dambudziko rekuyerera kwemvura netsvina ndeimwe yezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa mashandiro ekutumira uye hupenyu hweThree Gorges Project (TGP). Nzira dzakawanda dzakashandiswa kutsvagisa matambudziko ekuyerera kwemvura netsvina eTGP panguva yekuratidzira, kuronga, dhizaini, kuvaka uye kushanda kwayo, uye mhedzisiro yakawanda yakakosha yakawanikwa. Kuti tinzwisise kufambira mberi kwekuyera kuyerera kwemvura netsvina mumapurojekiti anomiririra eChina uye ruzivo rwekutarisa tsvina mumatangi makuru kwazvo, kuyerwa kwekuyerera kwemvura netsvina kweTGP kunonyanya kutaurwa mupepa rino. Inosanganisira mamiriro ese eTGP, kugoverwa kwenetwork yenzvimbo dzemvura, zvinhu zvekuyera, tekinoroji itsva yekuyera, uye shanduko dzetsvina mutangi uye pasi pemvura mushure mekubatwa kweTGP. Mhedzisiro yekuyera tsvina inoratidza kuti mamiriro ekutanga ematambudziko etsvina akanaka, uye matambudziko aya etsvina anogona kuungana, kukura, uye kushanduka nekufamba kwenguva, saka anofanira kutariswa nguva dzose.

1 NHANGANYAYA
Chirongwa cheThree Gorges Project (TGP) ndicho chirongwa chikuru chekuchengetedza mvura nesimba remvura pasi rose. Dhamu iri riri kuSandouping, Yichang City, Hubei Province, inova mutsetse unoparadzanisa pakati perwizi rwepakati nerunokwira rwerwizi rweYangtze. Rinodzora nzvimbo yekuyerera kwemvura inosvika mamiriyoni 1 km2, uye avhareji yehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera pagore inosvika 451,000 miriyoni m3. Nekugona kuchengetera mafashamo e22.15 bhiriyoni cubic metres, chirongwa ichi chine basa guru mukudzora mafashamo erwizi rweYangtze. Nedanho rakajairika re175 m, kugona kuchengetera mvura yese yedhamu i39,300 uye 22,150 miriyoni m3 yaro ndiyo kugona kudzoreredza mafashamo. Kuvandudzwa kweTGP kunotarisa pakudzivirira mafashamo, kugadzira magetsi, uye mabhenefiti ekufambisa mvura. Izvi zvichavandudzawo nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza. Munguva iyoyo, mabhenefiti akazara maererano nekudzora mafashamo, kufamba, kugadzira magetsi, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura zvakaunzwa.

Sechikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekudzora mafashamo pakati nepazasi peRwizi Yangtze, TGP inodzora 96% yemvura inopinda muRwizi Jingjiang, chikamu cherwizi chine njodzi zvikuru panguva yemafashamo, uye zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemvura inopinda muWuhan. TGP ine basa rinokosha mukuderedza mafashamo uye mukuderedza mafashamo makuru munzvimbo dzekumusoro dzeRwizi Yangtze. Pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu, dhamu rakanga ravhara 180 bhiriyoni cubic metres yemvura munguva yemafashamo. Rakaona mafashamo anopfuura 70,000 cubic metres pasekondi muna 2010, 2012 uye rakaderedza misoro yemafashamo neanenge 40%, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kumanikidzwa kwemafashamo munzvimbo dziri pasi perwizi. Munguva dzemwaka wemvura, mvura yakawedzerwa kusvika anopfuura 5500 cubic metres pasekondi, zvichipa mvura inopfuura mabhiriyoni 20 cubic metres pagore kune nzvimbo dzepakati nepazasi dzeRwizi Yangtze.

Kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso kunoitwa kuti kubatsire mukutsvagisa kwematope, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP munguva dzakasiyana. Kuyerwa kwemuenzaniso kwakashandiswa kuongorora kusiyana kwekuyerera kwemvura uye mutoro wematope mugwara guru reRwizi Yangtze, pamwe nekuchinja nekushanduka kwerwizi. Kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Mhedzisiro yekucherechedza iripo inoenderana nedanho rekudzidza kugona (Lu & Huang, 2013), asi nekuda kwekudzikira kwematope ekumusoro kwerwizi uye kuvakwa kwemadziva emvura paRwizi Jinsha mushure mema1990, kusvibiswa kwemvura mudziva reThree Gorges (TGR) kwakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kare, zvichikonzera kusimba kukuru uye daro rekudonha kwemvura pasi perwizi pasi peTGP.

2 Kugadzira netiweki yeHydrologic uye Kuyera
Kuti vaunganidze data rekutanga uye kupa mabasa ekuvaka mabheseni, Changjiang Water Resources Commission yakagadzira zvishoma nezvishoma nhamba huru yezviteshi zvemvura parwizi rukuru nerwizi runopinda murwizi rweYangtze kubvira kuma1950. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1990, network yakazara yezviteshi zvemvura uye network yekutarisa sediment yakanga yaumbwa. Inosanganisira zviteshi zvemvura 118 nezviteshi zvinopfuura 350 zvekuyera. Pamusoro pezvo, basa guru rekuongorora rwizi nekuongorora sediment rakapedzwa. Data rekuongorora hydrological nesediment remakumi emakore apfuura kwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei rakapa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuratidzira, kugadzira, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP.

Kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso kunoitwa kuti kubatsire pakutsvaga, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGR munguva dzakasiyana. Mushure mekunge dura ratanga kuchengetwa muna 2003, dambudziko remvura rakaonekwa munzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzepasi, uye kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso uye kutsvakurudza kwemvura kwakafanana kwakaitwa kuti kubatsire pakushanda kweTGP zvakananga. Chinangwa chekucherechedza chinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera: Kuziva ruzivo rwemamiriro enzvimbo yemugero wechisikigo usati watora zvachose; Kutarisa sarudzo yehurongwa hwekutora zvikamu; kutarisa panguva chaiyo yekushanduka kwekukura nekuiswa kwemvura munzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzepasi mushure mekutora, uye kuwana matambudziko, kuitira kuti pave nekugadziriswa nenguva; kusimbisa tekinoroji yekufananidzira yakashandiswa, uye kuwedzera kuvimbika kwekufungidzira kwemvura kweTGP.

Nzvimbo yekutarisa madhamu emvura inosanganisira nzvimbo yedhamu, nzvimbo yedhamu, nenzvimbo dzakadzika. Kubva muna 1949, zvichibva pakuyera kwedhamu kwenguva refu, kutarisa kwemugero, uye kuongorora nekuferefeta, data rakawanda rekutarisa madhamu emvura uye mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa yakaunganidzwa, nokudaro ichizadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuronga, kugadzira uye kutsvagisa kwesainzi muchikamu chekutsanangura. Chikamu chekuvaka ndechenguva pfupi yekutsiva prophase, uye nguva yese yekuvaka i17a, saka zvinodikanwa kuramba uchicherechedza kuyerera kwemvura, dhamu, uye mamiriro emuganhu. Izvi hazvingoiti chete kuti pave nekuvimba nekugadzira, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuvaka, uye kushanda, asiwo kusimbisa nekugadzirisa dhizaini nemitemo.

Zvinhu zvinotariswa zvinosanganisira hydrology, sediment, uye channel land. Kuongorora channel land kunonyanya kuitirwa kuona kushanduka kwe channel mu raw, dedication ye sediment padziva, kukanganiswa kwemvura iri pasi pemvura, uye kushanduka kwe key reachs mushure mekubatwa kwe TGP.

2 Kugadzira netiweki yeHydrologic uye Kuyera
Kuti vaunganidze data rekutanga uye kupa mabasa ekuvaka mabheseni, Changjiang Water Resources Commission yakagadzira zvishoma nezvishoma nhamba huru yezviteshi zvemvura parwizi rukuru nerwizi runopinda murwizi rweYangtze kubvira kuma1950. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1990, network yakazara yezviteshi zvemvura uye network yekutarisa sediment yakanga yaumbwa. Inosanganisira zviteshi zvemvura 118 nezviteshi zvinopfuura 350 zvekuyera. Pamusoro pezvo, basa guru rekuongorora rwizi nekuongorora sediment rakapedzwa. Data rekuongorora hydrological nesediment remakumi emakore apfuura kwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei rakapa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuratidzira, kugadzira, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGP.

Kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso kunoitwa kuti kubatsire pakutsvaga, kuvaka, uye kushanda kweTGR munguva dzakasiyana. Mushure mekunge dura ratanga kuchengetwa muna 2003, dambudziko remvura rakaonekwa munzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzepasi, uye kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso uye kutsvakurudza kwemvura kwakafanana kwakaitwa kuti kubatsire pakushanda kweTGP zvakananga. Chinangwa chekucherechedza chinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera: Kuziva ruzivo rwemamiriro enzvimbo yemugero wechisikigo usati watora zvachose; Kutarisa sarudzo yehurongwa hwekutora zvikamu; kutarisa panguva chaiyo yekushanduka kwekukura nekuiswa kwemvura munzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzepasi mushure mekutora, uye kuwana matambudziko, kuitira kuti pave nekugadziriswa nenguva; kusimbisa tekinoroji yekufananidzira yakashandiswa, uye kuwedzera kuvimbika kwekufungidzira kwemvura kweTGP.

Nzvimbo yekutarisa madhamu emvura inosanganisira nzvimbo yedhamu, nzvimbo yedhamu, nenzvimbo dzakadzika. Kubva muna 1949, zvichibva pakuyera kwedhamu kwenguva refu, kutarisa kwemugero, uye kuongorora nekuferefeta, data rakawanda rekutarisa madhamu emvura uye mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa yakaunganidzwa, nokudaro ichizadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuronga, kugadzira uye kutsvagisa kwesainzi muchikamu chekutsanangura. Chikamu chekuvaka ndechenguva pfupi yekutsiva prophase, uye nguva yese yekuvaka i17a, saka zvinodikanwa kuramba uchicherechedza kuyerera kwemvura, dhamu, uye mamiriro emuganhu. Izvi hazvingoiti chete kuti pave nekuvimba nekugadzira, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuvaka, uye kushanda, asiwo kusimbisa nekugadzirisa dhizaini nemitemo.

Zvinhu zvinotariswa zvinosanganisira hydrology, sediment, uye channel land. Kuongorora channel land kunonyanya kuitirwa kuona kushanduka kwe channel mu raw, dedication ye sediment padziva, kukanganiswa kwemvura iri pasi pemvura, uye kushanduka kwe key reachs mushure mekubatwa kwe TGP.

Radar mvura inoyerera nekukurumidza inokwanisa kutevedzera mamiriro akaita seMADAMS, nzira dzakavhurika, uye network dzemapaipi epasi pevhu, inogona kutarisa data panguva chaiyo.