Shanduko dzinotungamirwa nemamiriro ekunze mumipumburu yemvura yakachena dzakaratidzwa kuti dzinokanganisa chimiro uye basa rezvipenyu zvegungwa. Takaongorora shanduko mukupesvedzerwa kwerwizi runoyerera pamahombekombe eNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP) kwemakumi emakore achangopfuura (1993-2021) nekuongorora kwakasanganiswa kwenguva yakareba yekuyerera kwenguva yakatevedzana, hydrological simulation, satellite-yakatorwa uye reanalysis data pamusoro pegungwa mamiriro (tembiricha, turbidity, uye salinity). Kudzikira kwakanyanya mukuyerera kwerukova kuyambuka nzvimbo inotora nzizi mikuru mitanhatu kwaionekwa pazvikero zvevhiki nevhiki, pamwedzi, uye mwaka. Shanduko idzi dzakanyanya kutaurwa mumabheseni ekuchamhembe (eg, Puelo River) asi zvinoita sezviri kufambira kumaodzanyemba kuenda kunzizi dzinozivikanwa nehutongi hwemazuva ese. Mugungwa remukati rakatarisana nezvikamu zviviri, mvura yakachena yakaderedzwa inopindirana neine halocline isina kudzika uye kuwedzera tembiricha pamusoro pekuchamhembe kwePatagonia. Zvatinowana zvinosimbisa kukurumidza kushanduka kwenzizi padyo nerwizi rwegungwa nemvura yemumhenderekedzo yegungwa muNWP. Isu tinosimbisa kukosha kwekuyambuka-ecosystem yekutarisa, kufanotaura, kuderedza uye kugadzirisa maitiro mumamiriro ekunze ari kushanduka, pamwe neinoenderana inopindirana mabheseni manejimendi ezvirongwa zvinoendesa kuyerera kumvura yegungwa yemugungwa.
Nzizi ndidzo dzinonyanya kupinza mvura yakachena mukondinendi mumakungwa1. Mumasemi-akavharirwa masisitimu emahombekombe, nzizi mutyairi akakosha wekutenderera kwemaitiro2 uye zambuko pakati penyika nemakungwa ecosystem, kutakura chikafu, organic zvinhu, uye sediments zvinowedzera izvo zvinobva kumahombekombe uye yakavhurika gungwa3. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakashuma shanduko muhuwandu uye nguva yekuiswa kwemvura yakachena kumhenderekedzo yegungwa4. Ongororo yenguva dzakatevedzana uye hydrological modhi inoratidza akasiyana spatiotemporal mapatani5, zvichibva, semuenzaniso, kubva pakuwedzera kwakasimba mumvura yakachena inoyerera pakakwirira latitudes6-nekuda kwekuwedzera kunyunguduka kweaizi-kusvika pakuderera kwemaitiro pakati pe-latitudes nekuda kwekuwedzera hydrological drought7. Zvisinei negwara uye hukuru hwemafambiro achangobva kutaurwa, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakaonekwa semutyairi mukuru wealtered hydrological regimes8, nepo kukanganisa kumvura yemahombekombe uye nharaunda yavanotsigira haisati yanyatsoongororwa uye kunzwisiswa9. Kuchinja kwenguva mukuyerera kwemvura, kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (kuchinja mafambiro emvura uye kukwira kwekushisa) uye anthropogenic dzvinyiriro dzakadai semadhamu emagetsi emvura kana madhamu10,11, diversion yekudiridza, uye shanduko yekushandiswa kwevhu12, zvinopa dambudziko pakuongorora maitiro emvura inopinza13,14. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzine masango akasiyana-siyana dzinoratidza kusimba kwemamiriro ekunze panguva yekusanaya kwemvura kupfuura iyo inotongwa neminda yemasango kana zvekurima15,16. Pakati pe-latitudes, kunzwisisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze mune ramangwana pagungwa regungwa kuburikidza nekubvisa mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusagadzikana kweanthropogenic kwenzvimbo kunoda kutariswa kubva kumareferensi masisitimu ane mashoma shanduko kuitira kuti shanduko muhutongi hwemvura iparadzaniswe kubva mukukanganisika kwevanhu.
Western Patagonia (> 41°S pamhenderekedzo yePacific yeSouth America) inobuda seimwe yenzvimbo idzi dzakanyatsochengetedzwa, uko tsvakiridzo inoenderera mberi yakakosha kutarisa nekuchengetedza zvipenyu izvi. Munharaunda iyi, nzizi dzinoyerera dzakasununguka dzinodyidzana neyakaoma yegungwa geomorphology kuumba imwe yeakawanda macro-estuaries munyika17,18. Nekuda kwekure kure, madhamu enzizi dzePatagonia anoramba asina kukanganiswa, aine sango repamusoro rakavharwa19, kushomeka kwevanhu, uye kazhinji isina madhamu, madhamu, uye zvivakwa zvekudiridza. Kusagadzikana kwezvipenyu izvi zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa kukuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kunotsamira zvakanyanya, nekuwedzera, pakudyidzana kwavo nemvura yakachena. Mvura inopinza mumvura yemahombekombe yeNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), kusanganisira kunaya kwakananga nekuyerera kwenzizi, inodyidzana nemvura zhinji yemugungwa, kunyanya mvura ine salinity yepamusoro yeSubantarctic Water (SAAW). Izvi, zvakare, zvinopesvedzera mapatani ekutenderera, kuvandudzwa kwemvura, uye kufefetedza20 kuburikidza nechizvarwa chesimbi yakasimba gradients, ine hupamhi hwepamusoro hwekusiyana kwemwaka uye spatial heterogeneity mu halocline21. Kudyidzana pakati pezvitubu zviviri izvi zvemvura kunokanganisawo kuumbwa kwenharaunda dze planktonic22, kunokanganisa kuvharika kwechiedza23, uye kunotungamirira pakuderedzwa kweNitrogen nePhosphorus concentrations muSAAW24 uye kuwedzerwa orthosilicate kugovera muzinga repamusoro25,26. Uyezve, kupinza kwemvura yakachena kunoguma kune yakasimba vertical gradient yemhepo yakanyunguduka (DO) mumvura idzi dze estuarine, nepamusoro pedenga rinowanzoratidza yakakwirira DO concentration (6-8 mL L-1) 27.
Kupindira kushoma kunoratidza makondinendi ePatagonia kunosiyana nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemahombekombe, kunyanya neindasitiri yezvekurima kwemvura, chikamu chakakosha chehupfumi muChile. Parizvino iri pakati pevagadziri vepamusoro-soro vezvekurima mumvura, Chile ndiyo yechipiri pakukura mutengesi wesalmon netrout, uye mutengesi mukuru wemussels28. Salmon uye mussel kurima, iyo parizvino inobata ca. 2300 nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzine nzvimbo yese yeca. 24,000 ha mudunhu, inogadzira kukosha kwakakosha kwehupfumi kumaodzanyemba kweChile29. Kusimukira uku hakuna kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kunyanya panyaya yekurima salmon, chiitiko chinopa chikafu chekunze kune idzi ecosystems30. Izvo zvakaratidzwawo kuve zvakanyanya panjodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze31,32.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muNWP zvakataura kuderera kwemvura inopinza33 uye yakaratidza kudzikira kwekuyerera kwemvura munguva yezhizha uye matsutso34, pamwe nekuwedzera kwenguva yekusanaya kwemvura35. Shanduko idzi mumipumburu yemvura yakachena dzinopesvedzera zvinokonzeresa zvakatipoteredza uye zvine mhedzisiro inoyerera pane yakakura ecosystem dynamics. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro ezvinhu akanyanyisa mumvura yegungwa munguva yezhizha-yekusanaya kwemvura kwave kuchiwanzoitika, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, zvakakonzera indasitiri yemvura yemvura kuburikidza ne hypoxia36, yakawedzera parasitism, uye inokuvadza algal blooms32,37,38 (HABs).
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muNWP zvakataura kuderera kwemvura inopinza33 uye yakaratidza kudzikira kwekuyerera kwemvura munguva yezhizha uye matsutso34, pamwe nekuwedzera kwenguva yekusanaya kwemvura35. Shanduko idzi mumipumburu yemvura yakachena dzinopesvedzera zvinokonzeresa zvakatipoteredza uye zvine mhedzisiro inoyerera pane yakakura ecosystem dynamics. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro ezvinhu akanyanyisa mumvura yegungwa munguva yezhizha-yekusanaya kwemvura kwave kuchiwanzoitika, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, zvakakonzera indasitiri yemvura yemvura kuburikidza ne hypoxia36, yakawedzera parasitism, uye inokuvadza algal blooms32,37,38 (HABs).
Ruzivo rwazvino pakudzikira kwemvura inopinza mukati meNWP yakavakirwa pakuongorora kwehydrological metrics39, iyo inotsanangura huwandu kana dynamical zvimiro zvehydrologic data series inotorwa kubva kunhamba shoma yemarekodhi enguva refu uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo. Kana ari mamiriro anowirirana e hydrographic mumvura ye estuarine yeNWP kana padyo negungwa regungwa, hapana marekodhi enguva refu ari mu-situ. Tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana kwezviitwa zvemahombekombe emagariro nehupfumi kune zvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kutora nzira yakazara yepasi-gungwa yekutarisa uye kuenderana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvakakosha40. Kuti tigadzirise dambudziko iri, takabatanidza hydrological modeling (1990-2020) ine satellite-yakatorwa uye reanalysis data pamusoro pegungwa mamiriro (1993-2020). Iyi nzira ine zvibodzwa zvikuru zviviri: (1) kuongorora nhoroondo dzezviyero zvehydrological metrics pachiyero chedunhu uye (2) kuongorora zvinorehwa neshanduko idzi kune iri padyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, kunyanya zvine chekuita nemunyu wepasi pegungwa, tembiricha, uye turbidity.
Isu tinogona kupa akasiyana marudzi eakangwara sensors yekutarisa hydrology uye mhando yemvura, tinogamuchirwa kubvunza.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-18-2024