Kuchinja kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze mumvura yakachena kwakaratidzwa kuti kunokanganisa chimiro nekushanda kwenzvimbo dzegungwa. Takaongorora shanduko mukukanganiswa kwemvura inoyerera murwizi pamasisitimu egungwa eNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP) mumakumi emakore achangopfuura (1993–2021) nekuongorora kwakabatana kwenhevedzano yenguva refu yemvura inoyerera, simulation yemvura, data rinobva pasatellite uye reanalysis pamusoro pemamiriro egungwa (tembiricha, turbidity, uye munyu). Kuderera kukuru kwemvura shoma inoyerera munzvimbo ine matangi matanhatu makuru erwizi kwakaonekwa pachiyero chevhiki nevhiki, chemwedzi nemwedzi, uye chemwaka. Shanduko idzi dzave dzichinyanya kuoneka mumatangi ekuchamhembe akasiyana-siyana (semuenzaniso, Rwizi rwePuelo) asi zvinoita sekunge dziri kuenda kumaodzanyemba kunzizi dzine hutongi hwemvura. Mugungwa remukati rine mativi maviri ari pedyo, mvura yakachena yakaderera inoenderana ne halocline isina kudzika uye tembiricha yakawedzera pamusoro pegungwa muPatagonia. Mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kuchinja nekukurumidza kwenzizi pamvura dziri pedyo ne estuarine nemahombekombe muNWP. Tinosimbisa kukosha kwekutarisa, kufanotaura, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze ari kuchinja, pamwe chete nekutarisira matangi emvura anoyerera mumvura dzegungwa dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Nzizi ndidzo dzinonyanya kukonzera mvura yakachena mumakungwa1. Munzvimbo dzegungwa dzakavharirwa zvishoma, nzizi ndidzo dzinotungamira kutenderera kwemvura2 uye dzinobatanidza nharaunda dzepasi nedzegungwa, dzichitakura zvinovaka muviri, zvinhu zvipenyu, uye madhaka zvinowedzera zvinobva kumahombekombe negungwa rakavhurika3. Zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvakashuma shanduko muhuwandu nenguva yemvura yakachena inobuda mugungwa remahombekombe4. Kuongororwa kwenhevedzano yenguva uye mamodheru emvura kunoratidza maitiro akasiyana enzvimbo5, semuenzaniso, kubva pakuwedzera kwakasimba kwekubuda kwemvura yakachena munzvimbo dzakakwirira6—nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekunyunguduka kwechando—kusvika pakudzikira kwemafambiro ari pakati nepakati nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekusanaya kwemvura7. Pasinei negwara uye hukuru hwemafambiro akataurwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakaonekwa sechikonzero chikuru chekuchinja kwemamiriro emvura8, nepo kukanganisa pamvura dzemahombekombe nenharaunda dzavanotsigira kusati kwaongororwa zvizere uye kunzwisiswa9. Kuchinja kwenguva pfupi mukufamba kwemvura, kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze (kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kukwira kwekupisa) uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu kwakadai semadhamu emagetsi kana matangi emvura10,11, kupatsanurwa kwemvura, uye shanduko dzekushandiswa kwevhu12, zvinopa dambudziko rekuongorora mafambiro emvura yakachena13,14. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzine masango akasiyana-siyana dzinoratidza kusimba kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza panguva yekusanaya kwemvura kupfuura idzo dzine miti yakawanda yemasango kana kurima15,16. Pakati penzvimbo, kunzwisisa mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze mune ramangwana pagungwa remahombekombe kuburikidza nekubvisa mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kukanganiswa kwevanhu munharaunda kunoda kutariswa kubva kumasisitimu ekutarisa ane shanduko shoma kuitira kuti shanduko muhurongwa hwemvura dzigone kuparadzaniswa nekukanganiswa kwevanhu munharaunda.
Western Patagonia (> 41°S pamhenderekedzo yegungwa yePacific yeSouth America) inobuda seimwe yenzvimbo idzi dzakachengetedzwa zvakanaka, uko kutsvagurudza kuri kuenderera mberi kwakakosha pakutarisa nekuchengetedza nharaunda idzi. Munharaunda iyi, nzizi dzinoyerera dzichibatana ne geomorphology yakaoma yemahombekombe kuti dzigadzire imwe yenzvimbo dzakakura kwazvo pasi rose17,18. Nekuda kwekuva kure kwadzo, nzizi dzePatagonia dzinoramba dzisina kukanganiswa zvakanyanya, dzine masango akawanda emuno19, huwandu hwevanhu hushoma, uye kazhinji dzisina madhamu, madhamu, uye zvivakwa zvekudiridza. Kusava nenjodzi kwenzvimbo idzi dzemahombekombe kuchinjika kwezvakatipoteredza kunoenderana zvakanyanya, nekuwedzera, nekubatana kwadzo nemasosi emvura yakachena. Mvura yakachena inopinda mumvura dzemahombekombe dzeNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), kusanganisira kunaya kwemvura zvakananga uye kuyerera kwerwizi, inosangana nemvura zhinji dzemugungwa, kunyanya Mvura ine munyu wakawanda (SAAW). Izvi zvinopesvedzerawo maitiro ekutenderera kwemvura, kuvandudzwa kwemvura, uye kufefetera kwemhepo20 kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemvura ine munyu wakasimba, ine mwero wekushanduka kwemwaka uye kusiyana kwenzvimbo mu halocline21. Kudyidzana pakati pemvura idzi mbiri kunopesvedzerawo kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzeplanktonic22, kunokanganisa kuderera kwechiedza23, uye kunotungamira mukuderedzwa kwehuwandu hweNitrogen nePhosphorus muSAAW24 uye kuwedzerwa kwe orthosilicate muchikamu chepamusoro25,26. Uyezve, mvura yakachena inopinza inoguma nekuwedzera kwakasimba kwe oxygen yakanyungudutswa (DO) mumvura idzi dze estuarine, nechikamu chepamusoro chinowanzo ratidza huwandu hwakawanda hweDO (6–8 mL L−1)27.
Kupindira kushoma kunoratidza nzvimbo dziri muPatagonia dzepasi rose kunosiyana nekushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemahombekombe, kunyanya neindasitiri yekurima hove, iro riri chikamu chakakosha chehupfumi muChile. Parizvino, iri pakati pevanogadzira hove dzepamusoro pasi rose, Chile ndiyo yechipiri pakutengesa hove dzesalmon netrout, uye ndiyo inotumira hove dzemugungwa dzakawanda kupfuura dzimwe. Kurima hove dzesalmon nehassel, uko parizvino kuri munzvimbo dzinosvika 2300 dzine nzvimbo inosvika 24,000 ha munharaunda iyi, kunounza kukosha kukuru kwehupfumi kumaodzanyemba kweChile. Kubudirira uku hakuna kukanganisa nharaunda, kunyanya munyaya yekurima hove dzesalmon, basa rinopa zvinovaka muviri kune ecosystems idzi. Zvakaratidzwawo kuti zviri panjodzi huru yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze31,32.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muNWP zvakashuma kudzikira kwemvura inoiswa mumvura yakachena33 uye zvakaratidza kudzikira kwemvura inoyerera muzhizha nemumatsutso34, pamwe nekurebeswa kwekusanaya kwemvura nemvura35. Kuchinja uku kwemvura inoiswa mumvura yakachena kunokanganisa mamiriro ekunze aripo uye kune mhedzisiro inopararira pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro akaipisisa mumvura yegungwa panguva yekusanaya kwemvura kwezhizha-matsutso ave kuwanda, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, akakanganisa indasitiri yekurima hove kuburikidza nekushaya hope 36, kuwedzera kweparasitism, uye maruva ane njodzi ealgal32,37,38 (HABs).
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muNWP zvakashuma kudzikira kwemvura inoiswa mumvura yakachena33 uye zvakaratidza kudzikira kwemvura inoyerera muzhizha nemumatsutso34, pamwe nekurebeswa kwekusanaya kwemvura nemvura35. Kuchinja uku kwemvura inoiswa mumvura yakachena kunokanganisa mamiriro ekunze aripo uye kune mhedzisiro inopararira pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro akaipisisa mumvura yegungwa panguva yekusanaya kwemvura kwezhizha-matsutso ave kuwanda, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, akakanganisa indasitiri yekurima hove kuburikidza nekushaya hope 36, kuwedzera kweparasitism, uye maruva ane njodzi ealgal32,37,38 (HABs).
Ruzivo rwemazuva ano pamusoro pekuderera kwemvura yakachena inoiswa muNWP rwakavakirwa pakuongorora hydrological metrics39, iyo inotsanangura hunhu hwehuwandu kana dynamical hwe hydrological data series inobva muhuwandu hushoma hwezvinyorwa zvenguva refu uye kufukidzwa kushoma kwenzvimbo. Nezvemamiriro emvura anoenderana mumvura dzeNWP kana gungwa riri pedyo negungwa, hapana zvinyorwa zvenguva refu zviripo. Zvichienderana nekusagadzikana kwezviitiko zvehupfumi hwemahombekombe nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kushandisa nzira yakakwana yekubatanidza nyika negungwa pakutarisira nekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha40. Kuti tigadzirise dambudziko iri, takabatanidza hydrological modelling (1990–2020) nedata resatellite-derived and reanalysis pamusoro pemamiriro egungwa (1993–2020). Iyi nzira ine zvinangwa zviviri zvikuru: (1) kuongorora mafambiro enhoroondo mu hydrological metrics pachiyero chedunhu uye (2) kuongorora zvinorehwa nekuchinja uku kune system yegungwa iri pedyo, kunyanya maererano ne salinity yegungwa, tembiricha, uye turbidity.
Tinogona kupa mhando dzakasiyana dzema sensor akangwara ekutarisa hydrology uye hunhu hwemvura, tinokugamuchirai kuti mubvunze.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-18-2024