Nekukura kuri kuita matekinoroji akadai seInternet of Things uye artificial intelligence, gas sensors, mudziyo unokosha wekuona unozivikanwa se "electrical five senses", uri kugamuchira mikana yekuvandudza isina kumboitika. Kubva pakutanga kwekutarisa magasi ane chepfu uye anokuvadza mumaindasitiri kusvika pakushandiswa kwawo kwakakura mukuongorora zvirwere, smart home, Environmental Monitoring nedzimwe nzvimbo nhasi, tekinoroji yegas sensor iri kuchinja zvikuru kubva pabasa rimwe chete kuenda kuhungwaru, miniaturization uye multi-dimensionality. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvizere hunhu hwehunyanzvi, kufambira mberi kwekutsvagisa kwazvino uye mamiriro ekushandiswa kwegas sensors pasi rose, kunyanya kutarisa mafambiro ekuvandudza mumunda wekutarisa gasi munyika dzakadai seChina neUnited States.
Hunhu hwehunyanzvi uye mafambiro ekuvandudzwa kwema sensor egasi
Sechinoshandura huwandu hwegasi chairo kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi chinoenderana nacho, sensor yegasi yave chinhu chakakosha uye chakakosha muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekuona. Rudzi urwu rwemuchina runoshandisa sampuro dzegasi kuburikidza nemisoro yekuona, kazhinji zvinosanganisira matanho akadai sekusefa tsvina nemagasi anopindira, kuomesa kana kugadzirisa firiji, uye pakupedzisira kushandura ruzivo rwehuwandu hwegasi kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinoyerwa. Parizvino, kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemasensa egasi pamusika, anosanganisira semiconductor type, electrochemical type, catalytic combustion type, infrared gas sensors uye photoionization (PID) gas sensors, nezvimwewo. Imwe neimwe ine hunhu hwayo uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yekuongorora yehurumende, yeindasitiri uye yezvakatipoteredza.
Kugadzikana uye kunzwa ndiwo zviratidzo zviviri zvikuru zvekuongorora mashandiro emasensa egasi. Kugadzikana kunoreva kuramba kuripo kwemhinduro yekutanga yesensa munguva yayo yese yekushanda, izvo zvinoenderana nekudonha kwezero uye kudonha kwepakati. Zvakanaka, kune masensa emhando yepamusoro pasi pemamiriro ekushanda anoramba aripo, kudonha kwezero pagore kunofanirwa kunge kuri pasi pe10%. Kunzwa kunoreva chiyero chekuchinja kwemhedzisiro yesensa kune shanduko mukupinda kwakayerwa. Kunzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana emasensa kunosiyana zvakanyanya, kunyanya zvichienderana nemisimboti yehunyanzvi uye kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvavanoshandisa. Pamusoro pezvo, kusarudza (kureva, kunzwa kwecross-sensitivity) uye kuramba ngura zvakare zviyero zvakakosha zvekuongorora mashandiro emasensa egasi. Yekutanga inosarudza kugona kwesensa kuzivikanwa munzvimbo yakasanganiswa yegasi, nepo yekupedzisira ine chekuita nekushivirira kwesensa mumagasi anotarisirwa ane huwandu hwakawanda.
Kuvandudzwa kuri kuitwa tekinoroji yekunzwa gasi kuri kuratidza mafambiro akati wandei ari pachena. Chekutanga, kutsvagisa nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye maitiro matsva kwakaramba kuchidzika. Zvinhu zvechinyakare zvesimbi oxide semiconductor zvakaita seZnO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, nezvimwewo zvakura. Vatsvagiri vari kushandisa mishonga inorwisa gasi, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa pamusoro pezvinhu zviripo zvinonzwa gasi kuburikidza nenzira dzekugadzirisa makemikari, uye kuvandudza maitiro ekugadzira firimu panguva imwe chete kuti vawedzere kugadzikana uye kusarudza kwemasensa. Panguva iyi, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvakaita sezvinhu zvinosanganiswa nemafuta zvinonzwa gasi pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinonzwa gasi zvepolymer kuri kufambira mberiwo. Zvinhu izvi zvinoratidza kunzwa kwakanyanya, kusarudza uye kugadzikana kune magasi akasiyana.
Uchenjeri hwemasensa ndeimwe nzira yakakosha yekuvandudza. Nekushandiswa kwakabudirira kwetekinoroji itsva dzakadai se nanotechnology uye thin-film technology, magasi sensor ari kuwedzera kubatanidzwa uye kuve akangwara. Nekushandisa zvizere matekinoroji akabatanidzwa ane hunyanzvi hwakawanda senge tekinoroji ye micro-mechanical uye microelectronics, tekinoroji yemakombiyuta, tekinoroji yekugadzirisa masaini, tekinoroji ye sensor, uye tekinoroji yekuongorora fault, vaongorori vari kugadzira masensa egasi akangwara edhijitari anozvigadzirira ega anokwanisa kutarisa magasi akawanda panguva imwe chete. Sensor ine simba rekudzivirira makemikari yakagadzirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura neboka revaongorori veAssociate Professor Yi Jianxin kubva kuState Key Laboratory of Fire Science paYunivhesiti yeSainzi neTekinoroji yeChina inomiririra tsika iyi. Sensor iyi inoita kuti pave nekuona kwemativi matatu uye kuzivikanwa kwakarurama kwemagasi akawanda nehunhu hwemoto nechinhu chimwe chete 59.
Kurongeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye kugadzirisa algorithm zviri kuwedzerawo kutariswa. Nekuda kwedambudziko remhinduro ye broad-spectrum ye sensor imwe chete yegesi, inowanzo kanganiswa kana paine magasi akawanda panguva imwe chete. Kushandisa ma sensor akawanda egasi kugadzira array kwave mhinduro inoshanda yekuvandudza kugona kwekuziva. Nekuwedzera saizi yegasi rakawanikwa, sensor array inogona kuwana masaini akawanda, izvo zvinobatsira kuongorora ma parameter akawanda uye kuvandudza kugona kwekutonga nekuziva. Zvisinei, sezvo huwandu hwema sensors mu array huchiwedzera, kuoma kwekugadzirisa data kunokwirawo. Naizvozvo, kugadzirisa sensor array kwakakosha zvikuru. Mukugadzirisa array, nzira dzakadai se correlation coefficient uye cluster analysis dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, nepo ma algorithms ekuziva gas akadai sePrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) uye artificial neural Network (ANN) akavandudza zvakanyanya kugona kwe pattern recognition yema sensors.
Tafura: Kuenzanisa Kwekushanda Kwemhando Huru dzeMasensa eGasi
Rudzi rweSensor, musimboti wekushanda, zvakanakira nezvakaipa, hupenyu hwemazuva ese
Kunyudzwa kwegasi remhando ye semiconductor kune mutengo wakaderera mukuchinja kusimba kwema semiconductor, kupindura nekukurumidza, kusasarudza zvakanaka, uye kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekupisa nehunyoro kwemakore maviri kusvika matatu.
Gasi remagetsi rinoita reREDOX reactions kuti rigadzire magetsi, ayo ane sarudzo yakanaka uye anonzwa zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, electrolyte ine kusakara kushoma uye hupenyu hwegore 1-2 (kune electrolyte yemvura).
Kupisa kwegasi rinobvira remhando yeCatalytic combustition kunokonzera shanduko dzekupisa. Rakagadzirirwa zvakananga kuona gasi rinobvira uye rinoshanda chete kune gasi rinobvira kwemakore angangoita matatu.
Magasi einfrared ane kunyatsojeka pakupinza chiedza cheinfrared chewavelengths chaiyo, haakonzeri chepfu, asi ane mutengo wakakwira uye huwandu hwakakura kwemakore mashanu kusvika gumi.
Kushandiswa kwe photoionization (PID) kwe ultraviolet photoionization yekuona ma VOC emagasi kune kunzwisisika kwakanyanya uye hakugone kusiyanisa mhando dzemakemikari kwemakore matatu kusvika mashanu.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kunyangwe tekinoroji ye gas sensor yafambira mberi zvakanyanya, ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko akajairika. Hupenyu hwemasensa hunodzikamisa kushandiswa kwawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, hupenyu hwemasensa e semiconductor hunenge makore maviri kusvika matatu, hwemasensa e electrochemical gas sensors hunenge gore rimwe kusvika maviri nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwe electrolyte, nepo hwemasensa e electrochemical e solid-state electrolyte hunogona kusvika makore mashanu. Pamusoro pezvo, matambudziko ekudonha (kuchinja kwemhinduro yemasensa nekufamba kwenguva) uye matambudziko ekubatana (musiyano wekushanda pakati pemasensa ari muboka rimwe chete) zvinhu zvakakoshawo zvinodzikamisa kushandiswa kwakakura kwemasensa e gas. Mukupindura kune izvi, vaongorori, kune rumwe rutivi, vakazvipira kuvandudza zvinhu zvinonzwa gasi uye maitiro ekugadzira, uye kune rumwe rutivi, vari kuripa kana kudzvinyirira pesvedzero yekudonha kwemasensa pamhedzisiro yekuyera nekugadzira maalgorithms ekugadzirisa data epamusoro.
Mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekushandiswa kwema sensor egasi
Tekinoroji yekunzwa gasi yagara ichishandiswa muhupenyu hwevanhu. Maitiro ayo ekushandiswa kwenguva refu apfuura nzira dzekare dzekutarisa kuchengetedzeka kwemaindasitiri uye ari kuwedzera nekukurumidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai sehutano hwezvehutano, kutarisa zvakatipoteredza, dzimba dzakangwara, uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu. Maitiro aya ekushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana haangoratidzi chete mikana inounzwa nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji asiwo anomiririra kudiwa kuri kukura kwevanhu kwekuona gasi.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemaindasitiri uye kutarisa gasi rine njodzi
Munyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwemaindasitiri, masensa egasi anoita basa risingatsiviwe, kunyanya mumaindasitiri ane njodzi huru akadai seinjiniya yemakemikari, peturu, uye migodhi. "Chirongwa chemakore mashanu chechi14 cheChina chekugadzirwa kwemakemikari ane njodzi" chinoda kuti mapaki emaindasitiri emakemikari agadzire hurongwa hwakazara hwekutarisa uye hwekunyevera pakutanga magasi ane chepfu uye anokuvadza uye kukurudzira kuvaka mapuratifomu akangwara ekudzora njodzi. "Chirongwa cheIndustrial Internet Plus Work Safety Action" chinokurudzirawo mapaki kuisa masensa eInternet of Things nemapuratifomu ekuongorora AI kuti awane kutarisa panguva chaiyo uye kupindura kwakarongeka kune njodzi dzakadai sekubuda kwegasi. Marongero aya akakurudzira zvikuru kushandiswa kwemasensa egasi mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwemaindasitiri.
Masisitimu emazuva ano ekutarisa gasi remaindasitiri akagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzehunyanzvi. Tekinoroji yekufungidzira magasi gore inoona kubuda kwegasi nekuratidza magasi akawanda sekuchinja kwemazinga egirini remapikiseli mumufananidzo. Kugona kwayo kuona kwakabatana nezvinhu zvakaita sekuwanda uye huwandu hwegasi rinobuda, musiyano wekupisa kwemashure, uye daro rekutarisa. Tekinoroji yeFourier transform infrared spectroscopy inogona kutarisa mhando dzinopfuura mazana mashanu emagasi anosanganisira inorganic, organic, chepfu uye anokuvadza, uye inogona kuongorora panguva imwe chete mhando makumi matatu dzemagasi. Yakakodzera zvinodiwa zvekutarisa gasi zvakaoma mumapaki emaindasitiri emakemikari. Aya matekinoroji epamusoro, kana akabatanidzwa nemasensa egasi echinyakare, anoumba network yekutarisa kuchengetedzeka kwegasi remaindasitiri ine mazinga akawanda.
Padanho rekushandisa, masisitimu ekutarisa gasi remaindasitiri anofanirwa kutevedzera mwero wepasi rose nepasi rose. "Muyero weKugadzira weKuona uye Kunyevera kweMagasi Anobvira uye Ane Chepfu muIndasitiri yePetrochemical" yeChina GB 50493-2019 uye "General Technical Specification yeKutarisa Kuchengetedzeka kweMasosi Makuru eMakemikari Ane Chepfu" AQ 3035-2010 anopa hunyanzvi hwekutarisa gasi remaindasitiri 26. Pasi rese, OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States) yakagadzira mwero wemwero wekuona gasi, inoda kuonekwa kwegasi vasati vashanda munzvimbo dzakamanikana uye kuona kuti kuwanda kwemagasi anokuvadza mumhepo kuri pasi pemwero wakachengeteka we610. Mwero weNFPA (National Fire Protection Association of the United States), wakadai seNFPA 72 neNFPA 54, unopa zvinodiwa chaizvo zvekuona magasi anobvira uye magasi ane chepfu 610.
Kuongororwa kwehutano nezvirwere
Nzvimbo dzezvekurapa nedzehutano dziri kuva imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kuvimbisa kushandiswa kwemasensa egasi. Gasi rinoburitswa mumuviri wemunhu rine huwandu hwakawanda hwema biomarker ane chekuita nemamiriro ehutano. Nekuona ma biomarker aya, kuongororwa kwekutanga uye kutariswa kwezvirwere nguva dzose kunogona kuitwa. Mudziyo wekuona acetone yekufema wakagadzirwa nechikwata chaDr. Wang Di kubva kuZhejiang Laboratory's Super Perception Research Center ndiwo mumiriri wechirongwa ichi. Mudziyo uyu unoshandisa nzira ye colorimetric tekinoroji kuyera huwandu hweacetone mumhepo inoburitswa nemunhu nekuona shanduko yeruvara rwezvinhu zvinonzwa gasi, nokudaro zvichiita kuti pave nekukurumidza uye pasina kurwadziwa kwechirwere cheshuga cherudzi rwekutanga.
Kana huwandu hwe insulin mumuviri wemunhu hwaderera, haugone kushandura glucose kuita simba uye panzvimbo pezvo kuputsa mafuta. Seimwe yezvigadzirwa mushure mekuputsika kwemafuta, acetone inoburitswa mumuviri kuburikidza nekufema. Dr. Wang Di akatsanangura 1. Zvichienzaniswa nekuongororwa kweropa kwechinyakare, nzira iyi yekuyedza kufema inopa ruzivo rwuri nani rwekuongorora uye kurapa. Uyezve, timu iri kugadzira sensor ye "zuva nezuva" ye acetone. Mudziyo uyu unopfekwa usingadhuri unogona kuyera otomatiki gasi reacetone rinobuda paganda nguva dzese. Mune ramangwana, kana ukasanganiswa netekinoroji yehungwaru hwekugadzira, unogona kubatsira mukuongorora, kutarisa uye kutungamira mishonga yechirwere cheshuga.
Kunze kwechirwere cheshuga, masensa egasi anoratidzawo kugona kukuru mukutarisira zvirwere zvisingaperi uye kutarisa zvirwere zvekufema. Kuwanda kwecarbon dioxide mumapapu inzira yakakosha yekutonga mamiriro ekufema kwevarwere, nepo huwandu hwemamwe magasi hunoratidza mafambiro ekukura kwezvirwere zvisingaperi. Pachivanhu, kududzirwa kwedata iri kwaida kuti vashandi vekurapa vatore chikamu. Zvisinei, nekupa simba tekinoroji yehungwaru hwekugadzira, masensa egasi akangwara haangogone kuona magasi nekukweva makomba chete, asiwo kuona huwandu hwechirwere, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kumanikidzwa kwevashandi vekurapa.
Munyaya yemidziyo inopfekwa nehutano, kushandiswa kwemasensa egasi kuchiri kutanga, asi mikana yacho yakakura. Vaongorori vekuZhuhai Gree Electric Appliances vakataura kuti kunyangwe midziyo yemumba yakasiyana nemidziyo yekurapa ine mabasa ekuongorora chirwere, muchikamu chekutarisa hutano hwemumba zuva nezuva, masensa egasi ane zvakanakira zvakaita semutengo wakaderera, kusapinda muropa uye miniaturization, zvichiita kuti zvitarisirwe kuti zvionekwe zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemumba senge midziyo yekurapa nemuromo uye zvimbuzi zvekuchenjera senzira yekutarisa inobatsira uye mhinduro dzekutarisa panguva chaiyo. Nekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwehutano hwemumba, kutarisa mamiriro ehutano hwevanhu kuburikidza nemidziyo yemumba kuchava gwara rakakosha rekuvandudza dzimba dzakangwara.
Kutarisa nharaunda nekudzivirira nekudzora kusvibiswa
Kutarisa nharaunda ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushandiswa masensa egasi. Sezvo kusimbiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda pasi rose kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, kudiwa kwekutarisa kusvibiswa kwakasiyana-siyana mumhepo kuri kukurawo zuva nezuva. Masensa egasi anogona kuona magasi ane njodzi akadai secarbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide neozone, zvichipa chishandiso chinoshanda chekutarisa hunhu hwemhepo munharaunda.
Sensor yegesi yemagetsi yeUGT-E4 yeBritish Gas Shield Company chigadzirwa chinomiririra muchikamu chekutarisa zvakatipoteredza. Inogona kuyera nemazvo huwandu hwezvinosvibisa mumhepo uye kupa rutsigiro rwedata rwakarurama panguva yakakodzera kumadhipatimendi ekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza. Sensor iyi, kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa netekinoroji yemazuva ano yeruzivo, yakawana mabasa akadai sekutarisa kure, kurodha data, uye alarm yakangwara, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya kushanda uye nyore kwekuona gasi. Vashandisi vanogona kutevera shanduko muhuwandu hwegasi chero nguva uye chero kupi kuburikidza nenharembozha kana makomputa avo, zvichipa hwaro hwesainzi hwekutarisira zvakatipoteredza uye kugadzira mitemo.
Panyaya yekutarisa hunhu hwemhepo yemukati, masensa egasi anoitawo basa rakakosha. EN 45544 standard yakapihwa neEuropean Committee for Standardization (EN) ndeyekuyedza hunhu hwemhepo yemukati uye inovhara zvinodiwa pakuyedza magasi akasiyana-siyana ane njodzi 610. Masensa ecarbon dioxide akajairika, masensa eformaldehyde, nezvimwewo zviri mumusika anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mudzimba dzevanhu, zvivakwa zvemabhizinesi nenzvimbo dzevaraidzo dzeveruzhinji, zvichibatsira vanhu kugadzira nharaunda ine hutano uye yakasununguka yemukati. Kunyanya panguva yedenda reCOVID-19, kufefetera kwemukati uye hunhu hwemhepo zvakawana kutariswa kusati kwamboitika, zvichikurudzira kukura nekushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzemasensa dzakabatana.
Kutarisa kuburitswa kwemhepo nekabhoni inzira iri kubuda yekushandisa masensa egasi. Zvichienderana nekusapindira kwekabhoni pasi rose, kutarisa kwakanyatsojeka magasi egreenhouse akadai sekabhoni dioxide kwave kwakakosha zvikuru. Masensa einfrared carbon dioxide ane mabhenefiti akasiyana mundima iyi nekuda kwekunyatsorongeka kwawo, kusarudza kwakanaka uye hupenyu hurefu hwebasa. "Nhungamiro dzeKuvakwa kweNjere dzeKudzora Njodzi dzeKuchengetedzwa muMapaki eMaindasitiri eChemical" muChina dzakanyora kuongorora kutsva/kuchetura gasi uye kuongorora kuburitswa kwemhepo sezviri mukati mekuvaka, izvo zvinoratidza kusimbiswa kwedanho remutemo pabasa rekutarisa gasi mumunda wekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza.
Kuchengetedzwa Kwemba Kwakangwara uye Kwekudya
Smart home ndiyo inonyanya kuvimbisa kushandiswa kwevanoshandisa masensa egasi. Parizvino, masensa egasi anonyanya kushandiswa mumidziyo yemumba yakadai sema air purifiers nema air conditioner matsva. Zvisinei, nekuunzwa kwemasensa arrays uye ma algorithms akangwara, kugona kwavo kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekuchengetedza, kubika, uye kutarisa hutano kuri kushandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Panyaya yekuchengetedza chikafu, masensa egasi anogona kutarisa hwema husina kunaka hunoburitswa nechikafu panguva yekuchengetera chikafu kuti aone hunyoro hwechikafu. Zvakabuda muongororo dzichangoburwa zvinoratidza kuti kungave sensor imwe chete inoshandiswa kutarisa huwandu hwehwema kana kuti gas sensor array pamwe chete nenzira dzekuziva mapatani dzinoshandiswa kuona hunyoro hwechikafu, mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuoma kwekushandiswa kwefiriji chaiyo (sekupindira kwevashandisi vanovhura nekuvhara magonhi, kutanga nekumisa macompressor, uye kutenderera kwemhepo yemukati, nezvimwewo), pamwe nekupesvedzera kwemagasi akasiyana-siyana anoputika kubva muzvikafu, kuchine mukana wekuvandudza kururama kwekuona hunyoro hwechikafu.
Mashandisirwo ekubika ndeimwe mamiriro akakosha kune masensa egasi. Kune mazana emakemikoro egasi anogadzirwa panguva yekubika, anosanganisira particulate matter, alkanes, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, alkenes nedzimwe organic compounds dzinoshanduka. Munzvimbo yakaoma kudaro, masensa egasi anoratidza mabhenefiti ari pachena kupfuura masensa egasi. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti masensa egasi anogona kushandiswa kuona mamiriro ekubika kwechikafu zvichibva pane zvaunofarira, kana sechishandiso chekubatsira chekutarisa chikafu chekudya kuti ugare uchipa ruzivo nezvemaitiro ekubika kune vashandisi. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvekubika zvakaita sekupisa kwakanyanya, utsi hwekubika uye utsi hwemvura zvinogona kukonzera kuti sensa iite "chepfu", inova dambudziko rehunyanzvi rinoda kugadziriswa.
Munyaya yekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, tsvakiridzo yechikwata chaWang Di yakaratidza kukosha kwekushandiswa kwemasensa egasi. Chinangwa chavo ndecheku "kuona magasi akawanda panguva imwe chete ne plug-in diki yefoni", uye vakazvipira kuita kuti ruzivo rwekuchengetedza chikafu ruwanikwe zviri nyore. Mudziyo uyu wakabatana zvakanyanya unogona kuona zvikamu zvinoshanduka-shanduka muchikafu, kuona kutsva uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye kupa zvirevo panguva chaiyo kune vatengi.
Tafura: Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoona uye hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwemasensa egasi muminda yakasiyana-siyana yekushandisa
Minda yekushandisa, zvinhu zvikuru zvekuona, mhando dze sensor dzinowanzo shandiswa, matambudziko ehunyanzvi, mafambiro ekuvandudza
Gasi rinobvira rakachengeteka mumaindasitiri, gasi rine chepfu rinokonzeresa kupisa, rudzi rwemagetsi, kutarisa kwakasimba kwemamiriro ekunze ane gasi rakawanda, kuteverwa kwenzvimbo inobuda nekubuda kwemvura
Acetone yekurapa nehutano, CO₂, VOCs semiconductor type, colorimetric type selectivity uye sensitivity, inopfekwa uye inoonekwa nehungwaru
Kuiswa kwegridi yekugadzikana kwenguva refu uye kutumira data panguva chaiyo yekutarisa zvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo nemagasi egreenhouse mumhando dze infrared ne electrochemical
Gasi rinoshanduka-shanduka rechikafu chepamba, mhando ye semiconductor yekubikira, kugona kwePID kudzivirira kukanganiswa
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