Hunhu hweMumwaka weMvura yePlum uye Zvinodiwa paKutarisa Zvinodiwa paKuchengetedza Mvura
Mvura yeplum (Meiyu) imvura yakasiyana inonaya panguva yekufamba kwemvura yezhizha kuEast Asia, ichinyanya kukanganisa rwizi rweYangtze muChina, Honshu Island yeJapan, neSouth Korea. Zvichienderana neChina yenyika "Meiyu Monitoring Indicators" (GB/T 33671-2017), nzvimbo dzemvura yeplum muChina dzinogona kukamurwa kuita nzvimbo nhatu: Jiangnan (I), Middle-Lower Yangtze (II), uye Jianghuai (III), imwe neimwe ine mazuva akasiyana ekutanga - nzvimbo yeJiangnan inowanzo tanga mwaka weMeiyu kutanga musi wa9 Chikumi paavhareji, ichiteverwa neMiddle-Lower Yangtze musi wa14 Chikumi, uye Jianghuai musi wa23 Chikumi. Kuchinja-chinja uku kwenzvimbo kunoita kuti pave nekudiwa kwekutarisa mvura yakawanda, inoenderera mberi, zvichipa mikana yakawanda yekushandisa mvura.
Mwaka wemvura yepuramu wa2025 wakaratidza mafambiro ekutanga-nzvimbo dzeJiangnan neMiddle-Lower Yangtze dzakapinda muMeiyu musi wa7 Chikumi (mazuva 2-7 pamberi pemazuva ese), ukuwo dunhu reJianghuai rakatanga musi wa19 Chikumi (mazuva 4 pamberi). Kusvika uku kwekutanga kwakaita kuti pave nekukurumidzira kudzivirira mafashamo. Kunaya kwemvura yepuramu kunogara kwenguva refu, kwakasimba, uye kwakawanda—semuenzaniso, mvura yepakati-pasi yeYangtze ya2024 yakapfuura avhareji yekare neinopfuura 50%, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzichisangana ne "Meiyu ine simba" zvichikonzera mafashamo akaipisisa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kutarisa mvura nenzira yakarurama kunova musimboti wekuita sarudzo dzekudzora mafashamo.
Kuongororwa kwemvura nemaoko kwechinyakare kune miganhu yakakosha: kuwanda kwekuyera mvura kwakaderera (kazhinji ka1-2 pazuva), kutapurirana kwedata zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kusakwanisa kubata mvura yakawanda kwenguva pfupi. Mageji emvura emazuva ano anoshandisa tipping-bucket kana nheyo dzekuyera anogonesa kutarisa miniti neminiti kana kunyange sekondi, nekutapurirana kwedata renguva chaiyo pasina waya kuri kuvandudza zvikuru nguva uye kururama. Semuenzaniso, sisitimu yetipping-bucket rain gauge paYongkang's Sanduxi Reservoir muZhejiang inoisa data zvakananga kumapuratifomu emvura edunhu, zvichiita kuti ionekwe "zviri nyore uye zvinobudirira".
Matambudziko makuru ehunyanzvi anosanganisira: kuchengetedza kururama panguva yekunaya kwemvura kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, 660mm mumazuva matatu kuTaiping Town yeHubei muna 2025—1/3 yemvura inonaya pagore); kuvimbika kwemidziyo munzvimbo dzine hunyoro; uye kuiswa kwenzvimbo munzvimbo dzakaoma. Mageji emvura emazuva ano anotarisa izvi nezvinhu zvesimbi isingatsvi-ngura, kudzoserwa kwemvura mumabhaketi maviri, uye simba rezuva. Network dzakasimba dzinoshandisa IoT dzakadai seZhejiang's "Digital Levee" system inovandudza data remvura maminetsi mashanu ega ega kubva pazviteshi gumi nerimwe.
Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kuwedzera mamiriro ekunze eMeiyu—mvura yeMeiyu ya2020 yaive 120% pamusoro peavhareji (yakanyanya kupfuura dzose kubvira muna 1961), ichida magauge emvura ane zviyero zvakakura zvekuyera, kuramba kukanganiswa, uye kutapurirana kwakavimbika. Data reMeiyu rinotsigirawo tsvakiridzo yemamiriro ekunze, richipa ruzivo nezvenzira dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu.
Maitiro Ekuvandudza muChina
China yakagadzira masisitimu akazara ekutarisa mvura kubva pakuongorora kwekare nemaoko kusvika kune mhinduro dzeIoT dzakangwara, nemagauge emvura achishanduka kuita ma node akakosha e network dzemvura dzakangwara.
Manetiweki eDhijitari ekudzora mafashamo
Sisitimu ye "Digital Levee" yeXiuzhou District inoratidza mashandisirwo emazuva ano. Ichibatanidza magauge emvura nemamwe masensa emvura, inoisa data mumaminitsi mashanu ega ega kune imwe nzvimbo yekutarisira. "Kare, taiyera mvura nemaoko tichishandisa masilinda akagadzika - asingashande zvakanaka uye ane njodzi husiku. Iye zvino, maapplication efoni anopa data renguva chaiyo mubasin rose," akadaro Jiang Jianming, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weWangdian Town's Agricultural Office. Izvi zvinobvumira vashandi kuti vatarise pamatanho ekukurumidza akadai sekuongorora madhishi, zvichivandudza kushanda kwemhinduro yemafashamo neanopfuura 50%.
KuTongxiang City, sisitimu ye "Smart Waterlogging Control" inosanganisa data kubva kunzvimbo makumi matatu nemana dze telemetry neAI-powered 72-awa yekufanotaura kwehuwandu hwemvura. Munguva yemwaka weMeiyu wegore ra2024, yakaburitsa mishumo yemvura makumi maviri nenhatu, yambiro dzemafashamo mashanu, uye yambiro mbiri dzemvura, zvichiratidza basa guru re hydrology se "maziso nenzeve" dzekudzora mafashamo. Data reminiti-level rain gauge rinoenderana nekutarisa kweradar/satellite, zvichigadzira hurongwa hwekutarisa hwakawanda.
Mashandisirwo eDziva reMudziyo uye Zvekurima
Mukutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura, Sanduxi Reservoir yeYongkang inoshandisa mageji anongoerekana ashandiswa pamatavi masere emigero pamwe chete nekuyera nemaoko kuti iwedzere kunaka kwekudiridza. "Kubatanidza nzira dzinoita kuti mvura igoverwe zvine musoro ukuwo ichivandudza kuongorora otomatiki," akatsanangura maneja Lou Qinghua. Ruzivo rwemvura runopa ruzivo zvakananga pakurongwa kwekudiridza uye kugoverwa kwemvura.
Munguva yekutanga kweMeiyu muna 2025, Hubei's Water Sciences Institute yakashandisa sisitimu yekufanotaura mafashamo panguva chaiyo ichibatanidza kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana/makumi manomwe nemaviri nedata renzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura. Zvichikonzera masimulation makumi maviri nematanhatu emvura uye zvichitsigira misangano mishanu yekukurumidzira, kuvimbika kwesisitimu kunoenderana nekuyera kwakanyatsojeka kwemvura.
Kufambira Mberi Kwetekinoroji
Mageji emvura emazuva ano ane zvinhu zvitsva zvakakosha:
- Kuyera kweHybrid: Kusanganisa nheyo dzekuyera mvura nedzekuyera kuti pave nekujeka kwemvura pakati pesimba (0.1-300mm/h), kugadzirisa mvura inonaya zvakasiyana-siyana muMeiyu.
- Magadzirirwo Ekuzvichenesa: Masensa eUltrasonic uye machira anonyungudutsa mvura anodzivirira kuungana kwemarara—zvakakosha panguva yemvura zhinji yeMeiyu. Oki Electric yekuJapan inoti kugadzirisa kwakaderera ne90% nemasisitimu akadaro.
- Edge Computing: Kugadzirisa data pamudziyo kunosefa ruzha uye kunoongorora zviitiko zvakanyanya munharaunda, zvichiita kuti zvive pachena kuti zvinovimbika kunyangwe paine kukanganiswa kwenetwork.
- Kubatanidzwa kweZvikamu Zvakawanda: Zviteshi zveSouth Korea zvinoyera mvura pamwe chete nehunyoro/tembiricha, zvichivandudza fungidziro yekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakabatana neMeiyu.
Matambudziko uye Nzira dzeRamangwana
Pasinei nekufambira mberi, zvipingamupinyi zvichiripo:
- Mamiriro Akanyanya: "Meiyu" ye2024 muAnhui yakazadza mamwe mageji simba re300mm/h
- Kubatanidzwa kweData: Masisitimu akasiyana anotadzisa kufanotaura mafashamo munzvimbo dzakasiyana
- Kufukidzwa Kwenzvimbo Dzekumaruwa: Nzvimbo dziri kure dzine makomo hadzina nzvimbo dzakakwana dzekutarisa
Mhinduro dziri kubuda dzinosanganisira:
- Mageji Ekufambisa Anoshandiswa Nemadrone: MWR yeChina yakaedza mageji aifambiswa neUAV kuti aonekwe kuti anoshandiswa nekukurumidza munguva yemafashamo egore ra2025
- Kusimbiswa kweBlockchain: Mapurojekiti ekuedza muZhejiang anovimbisa kusachinja kwedata pakuita sarudzo dzakakosha
- Kufanotaura Kunofambiswa Nesimba reAI: Modhi itsva yeShanghai inoderedza maalarm enhema ne40% kuburikidza nekudzidza kwemuchina
Nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera kuchinja kweMeiyu, zviyero zvechizvarwa chinotevera zvinoda:
- Kugara kwenguva refu kwakawedzerwa (IP68 kudzivirira mvura, -30°C~70°C kushanda)
- Zviyero zvakakura (0~500mm/h)
- Kubatanidzwa kwakasimba neIoT/5G network
Sezvakataurwa naDirector Jiang: “Zvakatanga senzira yekuyera mvura iri nyore ndiyo yave hwaro hwekutonga mvura nekuchenjera.” Kubva pakudzora mafashamo kusvika pakutsvagisa mamiriro ekunze, mageji emvura achiri maturusi akakosha ekutsungirira munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura dzeplum.
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