Nyaya Dzechokwadi dzeMasensa Egasi Asingaputike muKazakhstan

Masensa egasi asingaputike anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedzeka kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan yese. Izvi zvinotevera ongororo yakadzama yemashandisirwo azvo chaiwo, matambudziko, uye mhinduro munyika.

Mamiriro Emaindasitiri Nezvinodiwa muKazakhstan

Kazakhstan ine basa guru muindasitiri yemafuta, gasi, migodhi, uye makemikari. Nzvimbo dzebasa muzvikamu izvi dzinowanzo kukonzera njodzi kubva kumagasi anobvira (methane, VOCs), magasi ane chepfu (Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S, Carbon Monoxide CO), uye kushomeka kweokisijeni. Saka, masensa egasi asingaputike ndiwo michina inofanirwa kushandiswa kuona kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi, kudzivirira njodzi dzinouraya, uye kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kunogara kuripo.

Kukosha kweChitupa Chinodzivirira Kuputika: MuKazakhstan, michina yakadaro inofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yemuno uye zvitupa zvinogamuchirwa pasi rose zvinodzivirira kuputika, zvakaita seATEX (EU) neIECEx (International), kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti yakachengeteka munzvimbo dzine njodzi.

Nyaya Dzekushandisa Chaidzo

Nyaya 1: Kuchera Oiri neGasi Kumusoro - Migero Yekuchera neMatsime

• Nzvimbo: Minda mikuru yemafuta negesi yakaita seTengiz, Kashagan, naKarachaganak.
• Mamiriro Ekushandisa: Kutarisa magasi anobvira uye Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) pamapuratifomu ekuboorera, magungano emvura, ma separators, nenzvimbo dzekuunganira.
• Matambudziko:
  • Nzvimbo Yakanyanya: Kutonhora kwakanyanya kwechando (pasi pe -30°C), guruva remuzhizha/dutu rejecha, zvinoda kuti michina isashandise mvura yakawanda.
  • Kuwanda kweH₂S: Oiri isina kuchena negasi rechisikigo munzvimbo dzakawanda zvine huwandu hwakawanda hweH₂S ine chepfu, uko kunyangwe kudonha kudiki kunogona kuuraya.
  • Kuramba Uchitarisa: Maitiro ekugadzira anoramba aripo; chero kukanganiswa kunokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupfumi, zvichida kuti masensa ashande zvakavimbika uye zvakagadzikana.
• Mhinduro:
  • Kuiswa kwemasisitimu ekuona gasi akachengeteka kana kuti anodzivirira flame.
  • Masensa anoshandisa musimboti weCatalytic Bead (LEL) pakushandisa zvinobvira uye masero eElectrochemical pakushomeka kweH₂S neO₂.
  • Ma sensor aya akaiswa munzvimbo dzinogona kudonhedza mvura (semuenzaniso, pedyo nemavharuvhu, maflange, macompressor).
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Kana huwandu hwegasi hwasvika padanho realamu yakaderera, maaramu anonzwika uye anoona anobva angotanga kushanda mukamuri rekudzora.
  • Kana yasvika padanho repamusoro rekuti alarm ishande, sisitimu iyi inogona kutanga otomatiki maitiro ekudzima emergency (ESD), akadai sekuvhara mavharuvhu, kuvhura mhepo, kana kudzima mashandiro, kudzivirira moto, kuputika, kana chepfu.
  • Vashandi vanewo michina inotakurika yekuona gasi isingaputike kuti vakwanise kupinda munzvimbo dzakamanikana uye kuongorora nguva dzose.

Nyaya yechipiri: Mapaipi Ekutumira Gasi Rechisikigo & Nzvimbo dzeCompressor

• Nzvimbo: Nzvimbo dzemacompressor nenzvimbo dzemavharuvhu dziri pamatanho emapaipi etrans-Kazakhstan (semuenzaniso, mapaipi eCentral Asia-Center).
• Mamiriro Ekushandisa: Kutarisa kubuda kwemethane panzvimbo dze compressor, regulator skids, uye panosangana mapaipi.
• Matambudziko:
  • Kudonha Kwakaoma Kuona: Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwepombi kunoreva kuti kunyangwe kudonha kudiki kunogona kukurumidza kuva nengozi.
  • Nzvimbo Dzisina Varwi: Nzvimbo zhinji dzemavharuvhu dziri kure hadzina varwi, zvichida kuti munhu azviongorore ari kure uye kuti azviongorore.
• Mhinduro:
  • Kushandisa ma sensor egasi anobatidzwa neInfrared (IR) anodzivirira kuputika. Aya haakanganisike nemhepo isina oxygen yakakwana uye anogara kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa negasi rechisikigo (kunyanya methane).
  • Kubatanidzwa kwemasensa muSCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) masisitimu ekutumira data kure uye kutarisa pakati.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Inobvumira kutarisa zvivakwa zvakakosha maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva, mazuva manomwe pasvondo. Imba yekudzora inogona kuona panobuda mvura nekukasika yotumira timu yekugadzirisa, zvichideredza nguva yekupindura zvakanyanya uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwetsinga yesimba yenyika.

Nyaya 3: Kuchera Marasha - Kutarisa Gasi Repasi Pevhu

• Nzvimbo: Migodhi yemarasha munzvimbo dzakadai seKaraganda.
• Maitiro Ekushandisa: Kutarisa huwandu hwe fireamp (kunyanya methane) uye carbon monoxide mumigwagwa yemugodhi nenzvimbo dzebasa.
• Matambudziko:
  • Njodzi Yakanyanya Kuputika: Kuunganidzwa kwemethane ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuputika kwemigodhi yemarasha.
  • Nzvimbo Yakaoma: Hunyoro hwakawanda, guruva rakawanda, uye kukuvara kunogona kuitika.
• Mhinduro:
  • Kushandiswa kwemasensa emethane eMining Intrinsically Safe, akagadzirirwa kutsungirira mamiriro ekunze akaomarara pasi pevhu.
  • Kuumbwa kwenetwork ye sensor dense ine data rinotumirwa panguva chaiyo kunzvimbo yekutumirwa pamusoro.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Kana huwandu hwemethane hukadarika chiyero chakachengeteka, sisitimu yacho inodzima magetsi oga kuchikamu chakakanganiswa uye inokonzeresa maalarm ekubuda, zvichidzivirira kuputika kwemethane zvinobudirira.
  • Kuongororwa kwecarbon monoxide panguva imwe chete kunobatsira kuona zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekutsva kwemoto mumarasha.

Nyaya 4: Nzvimbo dzekuchenesa Makemikari neMafuta

• Nzvimbo: Mafekitori ekuchenesa zvinhu nemiti yemakemikari mumaguta akaita seAtyrau neShymkent.
• Mamiriro Ekushandisa: Kutarisa magasi akasiyana-siyana anobvira uye ane chepfu munzvimbo dzereactor, mapurazi ematangi, nzvimbo dzepombi, uye nzvimbo dzekurodha/kuburitsa zvinhu.
• Matambudziko:
  • Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeMagasi: Kunze kwezvinhu zvinobvira, magasi ane chepfu akadai sebenzene, ammonia, kana chlorine anogona kunge aripo.
  • Mhepo Inoparadza: Utsi hunobva kune mamwe makemikari hunogona kukanganisa masensa.
• Mhinduro:
  • Kushandisa ma "multi-gas detectors", uko musoro mumwe chete unogona kutarisa magasi anobvira uye magasi ane chepfu 1-2 panguva imwe chete.
  • Kuisa masensa ane mahosi asingapindi guruva/mvura (IP-rated) uye mafirita anodzivirira ngura.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Inopa kutarisa kwakazara kwekuchengetedzwa kwegasi kwemaitiro akaomarara emakemikari, ichidzivirira vashandi vemafekitori nenharaunda dzakapoteredza, uye ichiona kuti mitemo yeKazakhstan yekuchengetedza maindasitiri nezvakatipoteredza iri kuramba ichitevedzwa.

Pfupiso

MuKazakhstan, masensa egasi asingaputike haasi emhando dzose; ndiwo "nzira yehupenyu" yekuchengetedzeka kwemaindasitiri. Mashandisirwo avo chaiwo anowanikwa mumativi ese esimba nemaindasitiri makuru, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwemari inosvika mabhiriyoni emadhora, uye kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwenyika.

Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, masensa ane hunyanzvi hwekuchenjera, kubatana kwewaya isina waya, hupenyu hurefu, uye kuvandudzwa kwekuzviongorora zviri kuva tsika itsva mumapurojekiti matsva nekuvandudzwa mukati meKazakhstan, zvichiwedzera kusimbisa hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwakachengeteka munyika iyi ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda.

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