I. Maitiro Makuru Ekushandisa
Masensa emhando yemvura muBrazil anonyanya kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu anotevera:
1. Masisitimu eKupa Mvura Mumaguta uye Kurapa Mvura Yakasviba
Chidzidzo Chemuenzaniso: SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company yeState of São Paulo), kambani huru yemvura muLatin America, inoshandisa zvakanyanya masensa emhando yepamusoro yemvura ane maparameter akawanda mu network yayo yese yekugovera, kubva kumatangi kusvika kumafekitori ekuchenesa mvura.
Mamiriro ezvinhu:
Kutarisa Mvura Inobva: Kutarisa nguva chaiyo kwezviyero zvakaita sepH, okisijeni yakanyungudutswa (DO), turbidity, algal density (chlorophyll-a), uye nyevero dzecyanobacteria dzine chepfu mumadhamu makuru (semuenzaniso, Cantareira System) kuitira kuve nechokwadi chekuti mvura haina kucheneswa.
Kudzora Maitiro Ekurapa: Masensa ari mumiti yekurapa anoshandiswa kudzora zvakananga kuyera kwemakemikari (semuenzaniso, macoagulants, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona) panguva yekuita senge kuonda, kupwanya, kusefa, uye kuuraya utachiona, zvichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza mitengo.
Kutarisa Nzvimbo Dzekugovera: Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzinoiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemumaguta kuti dzitevedzere chlorine yasara, turbidity, nezvimwe zviratidzo panguva chaiyo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwemvura yepombi panguva yekufambisa uye zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kukurumidza kuziva zviitiko zvekusvibiswa.
2. Kutarisa Kubuda Kwemvura Yakasviba Mumaindasitiri
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) pamwe nemasangano ehurumende ezvakatipoteredza.
Mamiriro ezvinhu:
Kutarisa Kutevedza Mutemo: Maindasitiri ane njodzi huru yekusvibiswa (semuenzaniso, pulp nepepa, migodhi, makemikari, kugadzira chikafu) anofanirwa kuisa masisitimu ekutarisa tsvina otomatiki online panzvimbo dzavo dzekubuditsa mvura. Masensa anogara achiyera maparameter akadai seChemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, heavy metals (semuenzaniso, mercury, lead, inoda masensa chaiwo), pH, uye flow rate.
Basa: Inoita shuwa kuti kuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba kunoenderana nezvinodiwa neNational Council for the Environment (CONAMA). Kutumirwa kwedata panguva chaiyo kune vatongi kunobatsira kudzivirira kuburitswa kwemvura zvisiri pamutemo uye kunopa humbowo hwakananga kune mapurisa.
3. Kutarisa Kusvibiswa Kwezvekurima Zvisiri Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kusvibiswa
Chidzidzo Chemuenzaniso: Masangano ekutsvaga nezvekurima nezvezvakatipoteredza munyika huru dzekurima dzakadai seMato Grosso.
Mamiriro ezvinhu:
Kutarisa Madhaka Emvura: Masensa anoiswa mumigero yenzizi ine kurimwa kwakawanda kuti vatarise shanduko munitrates, phosphates, turbidity, uye mishonga yezvipembenene.
Basa: Kuongorora kukanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwefetereza nemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura, kuongorora maitiro ekusvibiswa kwemvura kusiri kwenzvimbo, uye kupa ruzivo rwekubatsira paBest Management Practices (BMPs) uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
4. Kutarisa Kwezvakatipoteredza Muviri Wemvura Yechisikigo (Nzizi, Madziva, Mahombekombe)
Zvidzidzo zveNyaya:
Tsvagiridzo yeAmazon Basin: Mapoka ekutsvagisa kubva kuNational Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) nemayunivhesiti anoshandisa masensa akavakirwa pabhaoy kana kuti akaiswa mumidziyo yemvura kuti vatarise tembiricha yemvura, conductivity (kuongorora huwandu hwe solute), turbidity, diluted oxygen, uye CO2 fluxes muRwizi rweAmazon nemadziva arwo. Izvi zvakakosha pakudzidza hydrology uye biogeochemical cycles yemasango makuru emvura pasi rose.
Kuongororwa kweEutrophication yeGungwa: Mumvura dzegungwa dzemaguta makuru akadai seRio de Janeiro neSão Paulo, masensa anoshandiswa kutarisa eutrophication inokonzerwa nekubuda kwetsvina, zvichipa yambiro dzekutanga dzemaruva ane njodzi (red tides) uye kudzivirira maindasitiri ezvekushanya nekurima hove.
Mamiriro ezvinhu: Mabhaoy ekutarisa akagadziriswa, ngarava dzekutarisa dzinofamba, uye masensa anotakurika akaiswa pamadrone.
5. Yambiro Yekukurumidza NezveNjodzi Yemigodhi uye Kutarisa Mushure Menjodzi (Zvakakosha Zvikuru)
Chidzidzo Chemuenzaniso: Ichi chimwe chezviitiko zvakakomba, kunyangwe zvichirwadza, zvekushandisa muBrazil. Mushure mekukundikana kwemadhamu emvura muMinas Gerais (semuenzaniso, Samarco muna 2015 neVale muna 2019), masensa emhando yemvura akava maturusi akakosha.
Mamiriro ezvinhu:
Masisitimu Ekunyevera Ekutanga: Manetwork ekuona zvinhu panguva chaiyo anoiswa munzizi dziri pasi pemadhamu ari kushanda kuti aongorore kukwira kamwe kamwe kwemvura, izvo zvinogona kushanda sechiratidzo chekunyevera kwekutanga kwekuputsika kwemvura.
Kuongororwa & Kuteverwa Kwekusvibiswa: Mushure menjodzi, network dzakawanda dzemasensa dzinoiswa mumadziva akakanganiswa (semuenzaniso, Rio Doce, Rwizi rweParaopeba) kuti dzirambe dzichiongorora kusvibiswa, kuwanda kwesimbi inorema (semuenzaniso, iron, manganese), uye pH. Izvi zvinoongorora kupararira, kusimba, uye kukanganisa kwenguva refu kwekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichitungamira kuedza kugadzirisa.
II. Mabasa Akakosha uye Mabhenefiti
Zvichibva pane zviri pamusoro apa, basa revanoona nezvemhando yemvura muBrazil rinogona kupfupikiswa seizvi:
Kuchengetedza Hutano Hweveruzhinji: Kunoita kuti mvura yekunwa ive yakachengeteka kune makumi emamiriyoni evagari vemumaguta kuburikidza nekutarisa manyuko emvura nenguva chaiyo uye nzira dzekugovera mvura, kudzivirira kubuda kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemvura.
Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza & Kutevedzwa Kwemutemo: Kunopa "humbowo hwakasimba" kune vanodzora zvakatipoteredza, zvichiita kuti pave nekutarisa kwakanaka kwenzvimbo dzinosvibisa maindasitiri nemaguta, kuchengetedza nharaunda dzemurwizi, makungwa, uye nharaunda dzemugungwa, uye kubvumira matanho akanangana ekurwisa kuburitswa kwemvura zvisiri pamutemo.
Yambiro Yekukurumidza yeNjodzi & Mhinduro Yekukurumidzira: Inopa yambiro dzakakosha dzekutanga munzvimbo dzakadai semigodhi, zvichitenga nguva yakakosha yekubvisa vanhu munharaunda dziri pedyo. Mushure metsaona, inoita kuti kuongororwa kwekusvibiswa nekukurumidza kuvepo kutungamira mhinduro dzekukurumidzira.
Kuvandudza Kushanda Nesimba: Kunobatsira makambani emvura kugadzirisa maitiro ekuchenesa, kuchengetedza makemikari nekushandisa simba, nokudaro zvichideredza mari yekushandisa.
Kutsigira Tsvagiridzo yeSainzi: Inopa masayendisiti ruzivo rwemvura rwenguva refu, runogara ruchienderera mberi, uye runogara ruchiitika kakawanda kuti vadzidze mashandiro enzvimbo dzakasiyana dzezvakatipoteredza (senge Amazon), mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye mhedzisiro yemabasa ekurima munharaunda.
Kujekeswa Kwemashoko & Kuziviswa Kwevanhu: Mamwe mashoko ekutarisa (semuenzaniso, kunaka kwemvura yegungwa) anoziviswa pachena, zvichibatsira vanhu kusarudza kana vachida kushambira kana kubata hove, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kujekeswa mukutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura.
Pfupiso
Kuburikidza nekushandisa masensa emhando yepamusoro yemvura, Brazil iri kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo emvura: kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nekukura kwemaguta, njodzi yetsaona dzemaindasitiri, kukanganisa kwekukura kwekurima, uye mutoro wekuchengetedza nhaka yechisikigo yepasi rose. Matekinoroji aya ndiwo musimboti wehurongwa hwekutarisira nharaunda yemvura hune zvikamu zvakawanda, hwakakwana—hunosanganisira “yambiro yekutanga,” “kutarisa,” “kusimbiswa,” uye “tsvagurudzo.” Kunyangwe matambudziko achiripo mukuparadzira ruzivo, kubatanidzwa kwedata, uye mari, kushandiswa kwavo kwakaratidza kukosha kukuru uye kudiwa.
Tinogonawo kupa mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana dze
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4. Seti yakakwana yemaseva nesoftware isina waya module, inotsigira RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Kuti uwane mamwe masensa emvura ruzivo,
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Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-01-2025