Mhepo yakachena inokosha pakurarama zvakanaka, asi maererano neWorld Health Organization (WHO), vanhu vanosvika 99% pasi rose vanofema mhepo inodarika miganhu yavo yekusvibiswa kwemhepo. "Mhepo yakanaka inoyera kuti zvinhu zvakawanda sei zviri mumhepo, zvinosanganisira tunhu tudiki nemhepo inosvibisa," akadaro Kristina Pistone, nyanzvi yesainzi yekutsvagisa paNASA Ames Research Center. Tsvagiridzo yaPistone inofukidza nzvimbo dzemumhepo nedzemamiriro ekunze, ichitarisa pamhedzisiro yetunhu tudiki twemumhepo pamamiriro ekunze nemakore. "Zvakakosha kunzwisisa mhando yemhepo nekuti inokanganisa hutano hwako uye kuti unogona kurarama hupenyu hwako zvakanaka sei uye kuita zuva rako," akadaro Pistone. Takagara pasi naPistone kuti tidzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando yemhepo uye kuti inogona sei kuva nemhedzisiro inooneka pahutano hwevanhu nenharaunda.
Chii chinoita kuti mhepo ive yakanaka?
Kune zvinhu zvitanhatu zvikuru zvinosvibisa mhepo zvinodzorwa neEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) muUnited States: zvinhu zvidiki (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, uye lead. Zvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa zvinobva muzvinhu zvakasikwa, zvakaita sezvinhu zvidiki zvinokwira mumhepo zvichibva mumoto neguruva remugwenga, kana kubva mumabasa evanhu, zvakaita se ozone inogadzirwa nechiedza chezuva ichisangana nemhepo inobuda mumotokari.
Chii chakakosha pamhando yemhepo?
Hunhu hwemhepo hunokanganisa hutano uye hupenyu hwemunhu. "Sezvatinoda kunwa mvura, tinofanirawo kufema mweya," akadaro Pistone. "Tava kutarisira mvura yakachena nekuti tinonzwisisa kuti tinoda kuti irarame uye ive neutano hwakanaka, uye tinofanira kutarisira zvakafanana kubva mumhepo yedu."
Hunhu hwemhepo husina kunaka hwakabatana nemhedzisiro yemwoyo nekufema muvanhu. Semuenzaniso, kugara mu nitrogen dioxide (NO2) kwenguva pfupi kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvekufema zvakaita sekukosora nekufemera, uye kugara mumhepo kwenguva refu kunowedzera njodzi yekurwara nezvirwere zvekufema zvakaita seasthma kana hutachiona hwekufema. Kugara mumhepo ine ozone kunogona kuomesa mapapu nekukuvadza nzira dzekufema. Kugara mumhepo ine PM2.5 (inenge 2.5 micrometers kana diki) kunokonzera kutsamwa kwemapapu uye kwakabatana nezvirwere zvemwoyo nemapapu.
Pamusoro pekukanganisa kwayo hutano hwevanhu, mhepo isina kunaka inogona kukanganisa nharaunda, ichisvibisa mvura kuburikidza nekuita kuti iite acid uye eutrophication. Maitiro aya anouraya zvirimwa, anopedza kudya kwevhu, uye anokuvadza mhuka.
Kuyera Hunhu Hwemhepo: Air Quality Index (AQI)
Hunhu hwemhepo hwakafanana nemamiriro ekunze; hunogona kuchinja nekukurumidza, kunyangwe mukati memaawa mashoma. Kuti uedze uye utaure nezvehunhu hwemhepo, EPA inoshandisa United States Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI inoverengerwa nekuyera imwe neimwe yemhepo nhanhatu huru dzinosvibisa pachikero kubva pa "Yakanaka" kusvika pa "Ine Ngozi," kuti ibudise huwandu hwakabatana hweAQI nhamba 0-500.
"Kazhinji patinenge tichitaura nezvehunhu hwemhepo, tinenge tichiti kune zvinhu zviri mumhepo zvatinoziva kuti hazvina kunaka kuti vanhu vagare vachifema," akadaro Pistone. "Saka kuti uve nehunhu hwakanaka hwemhepo, unofanirwa kunge uri pasi pemuganhu wakati wekusvibiswa." Nzvimbo dziri pasi rese dzinoshandisa miganho yakasiyana yehunhu hwemhepo "hwakanaka", izvo zvinowanzoenderana nekuti chii chinosvibisa chinoyerwa nehurongwa hwavo. Muhurongwa hweEPA, kukosha kweAQI kwe50 kana pasi kunoonekwa sekwakanaka, nepo 51-100 kunoonekwa sekwakanaka. Kukosha kweAQI kuri pakati pe100 ne150 kunoonekwa sekwakanaka kune mapoka anonzwa, uye kukosha kwepamusoro hakuna kunaka kune wese munhu; yambiro yehutano inoburitswa kana AQI yasvika 200. Chero kukosha kunopfuura 300 kunoonekwa sekwakaipa, uye kunowanzobatanidzwa nekusvibiswa kwezvimedu zvinobva mumoto wesango.
NASA Air Quality Research uye Data Products
Masensa emhando yemhepo inzvimbo inokosha pakubata data remhando yemhepo munharaunda.
Muna 2022, boka reTrace Gas GROUP (TGGR) kuNASA Ames Research Center rakaisa Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology yekuongorora Kusvibiswa, kana kuti INSTEP: network itsva yemasensa emhando yemhepo asingadhuri anoyera mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinosvibisa. Masensa aya ari kutora data remhando yemhepo munzvimbo dzakati wandei muCalifornia, Colorado, neMongolia, uye aratidza kuti anobatsira pakutarisa mhando yemhepo munguva yemoto muCalifornia.
Basa re2024 Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) rakabatanidza data re sensor kubva mundege, satellite, uye mapuratifomu ari pasi kuti vaongorore mhando yemhepo munyika dzinoverengeka muAsia. Data rakatorwa kubva muzvishandiso zvakawanda zvendege idzi, zvakaita seMeteorological Measurement System (MMS) kubva kuNASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, rinoshandiswa kunatsiridza mhando dzemhando yemhepo kuti dzifanotaura uye dziongorore mamiriro emhando yemhepo.
Musangano rose, NASA ine masateraiti akasiyana-siyana anoona nezvepasi nedzimwe tekinoroji yekutora nekupa ruzivo rwemhando yemhepo. Muna 2023, NASA yakatanga basa reTropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), iro rinoyera mhando yemhepo nekusvibiswa kwayo pamusoro peNorth America. Chishandiso cheNASA cheLand, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) chinopa vafemberi vemhando yemhepo zviyero zvakaunganidzwa kubva kumidziyo yakawanda yeNASA, mukati memaawa matatu mushure mekuona kwayo.
Kuti tive nenzvimbo ine hutano hwakanaka hwemhepo, tinogona kutarisa data remhando yemhepo panguva chaiyo. Aya ma sensor anogona kuyera ma parameter akasiyana emhando yemhepo
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-04-2024