Mhepo yakachena yakakosha pakurarama kune hutano, asi maererano neWorld Health Organisation (WHO), inoda kusvika 99% yehuwandu hwepasi rose inofema mweya unopfuura miganhu yavo yekusvibiswa kwemhepo. "Mhepo yemhando chiyero chehuwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumhepo, izvo zvinosanganisira zvimedu uye zvinosvibisa gasi," akadaro Kristina Pistone, sainzi wekutsvagisa paNASA Ames Research Center. Tsvagiridzo yaPistone inovhara zvese zviri mumhepo uye mamiriro ekunze, iine tarisiro pamhedzisiro yezvikamu zvemuchadenga pamamiriro ekunze nemakore. “Zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kunaka kwemhepo nekuti zvinokanganisa hutano hwako uye kuti unokwanisa kurarama sei nekuita basa rako,” akadaro Pistone. Takagara pasi naPistone kuti tidzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando yemhepo uye kuti ingaite sei zvinoonekwa pahutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.
Chii chinoumba kunaka kwemhepo?
Kune zvitanhatu zvinosvibisa mhepo zvikuru zvinodzorwa neEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) muUnited States: particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, uye lead. Izvi zvinosvibisa zvinobva muzvinyorwa zvechisikigo, zvakadai sechinhu chinokwira mumhepo kubva kumoto uye guruva rerenje, kana kubva mumabasa evanhu, akadai se ozone inogadzirwa kubva kuchiedza chezuva chinopesana nekubuda kwemotokari.
Chii chakakosha chehutano hwemhepo?
Hunhu hwemhepo hunokanganisa hutano uye hupenyu hwehupenyu. "Sekuda kunwisa mvura, tinoda kufema mweya," akadaro Pistone. “Tave kutarisira mvura yakachena nekuti tinonzwisisa kuti tinoda kuti tirarame uye tive neutano, uye tinofanira kutarisira zvakafanana kubva kumhepo yedu.”
Hunhu hwemhepo husina kunaka hwakasungirirwa kumoyo nemidziyo yekufema muvanhu. Kuratidzwa kwenguva pfupi kunitrogen dioxide (NO2), semuenzaniso, kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvekufema sekukosora uye kufema, uye kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kunowedzera njodzi yekuva nezvirwere zvekufema senge asima kana hutachiona hwekufema. Kuratidzira kune ozone kunogona kuwedzera mapapu uye kukuvadza nzira dzemhepo. Kuratidzwa kuPM2.5 (inobata 2.5 micrometers kana diki) inokonzera kushatirwa kwemapapu uye yakabatanidzwa nemoyo nehosha dzemapapu.
Pamusoro pezvazvinoita pahutano hwevanhu, hurombo hwemhepo hunogona kukanganisa nharaunda, kusvibisa miviri yemvura kuburikidza ne acidification uye eutrophication. Maitiro aya anouraya zvirimwa, anopedza kudya kwevhu, uye anokuvadza mhuka.
Kuyera Hunhu hweMhepo: iyo Mhepo Hunhu Index (AQI)
Hunhu hwemhepo hwakafanana nemamiriro ekunze; inogona kuchinja nokukurumidza, kunyange mumaawa mashomanana. Kuyera uye kushuma nezvemhando yemhepo, EPA inoshandisa United States Air Quality Index (AQI). Iyo AQI inoverengerwa nekuyera imwe neimwe yezvitanhatu zvekutanga zvinosvibisa mweya pachiyero kubva pa "Zvakanaka" kuenda ku "Hazardous," kuburitsa yakasanganiswa AQI nhamba kukosha 0-500.
“Kazhinji kana tichitaura nezvemhando yemhepo, tinenge tichiti kune zvinhu zviri mumhepo zvatinoziva kuti hazvina kunaka kuti vanhu vagare vachifema,” akadaro Pistone. "Saka kuti uve nemweya wakanaka, unofanirwa kunge uri pazasi peimwe nzira yekusvibisa." Nzvimbo dzakatenderedza pasirese dzinoshandisa zvikumbaridzo zvakasiyana zve "yakanaka" mhepo yemhando, iyo inowanzoenderana neipi inosvibisa maitiro avo maitiro. MuEPA's system, kukosha kweAQI kwemakumi mashanu kana kuderera kunoonekwa seyakanaka, nepo 51-100 ichinzi ine mwero. Kukosha kweAQI pakati pe100 ne150 kunoonekwa sekusina hutano kumapoka ane hanya, uye tsika dzepamusoro hadzina hutano kumunhu wese; nyevero yehutano inopihwa kana AQI yasvika 200. Chero kukosha kwe300 kunoonekwa seine ngozi, uye inowanzobatanidzwa nekusvibiswa kwechikamu kubva kumoto wesango.
NASA Air Quality Research uye Data Zvigadzirwa
Masensa emhando yemhepo chinhu chakakosha chekutora data yemhando yemhepo padanho renzvimbo.
Muna 2022, Trace Gas Group (TGGR) paNASA Ames Research Center yakatumira Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology yeKuongorora Kusvibiswa, kana INSTEP: network itsva yepasi-mutengo wemhepo inoyera inoyera zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosvibisa. Masensa aya ari kutora dhata remhando yemhepo mune dzimwe nzvimbo muCalifornia, Colorado, neMongolia, uye zvakaratidza kuti zvine mukana wekutarisa mhando yemhepo munguva yeCalifornia yemoto.
Iyo 2024 Airborne uye Satellite Investigation yeAsia Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) mishoni yakasanganiswa sensor data kubva kundege, satellite, uye pasi-yakavakirwa mapuratifomu kuongorora mhando yemhepo pamusoro penyika dzinoverengeka muAsia. Iyo data yakatorwa kubva mumidziyo yakawanda mundege idzi, seMeteorological Measurement System (MMS) kubva kuNASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, inoshandiswa kukwenenzvera mhando dzemhando yemhepo kufanotaura uye kuongorora mamiriro emhepo.
Agency-wide, NASA ine huwandu hwePasi-inoona setiraiti uye humwe tekinoroji yekutora uye kushuma data yemhando yemhepo. Muna 2023, NASA yakatanga iyo Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) mishoni, inoyera kunaka kwemhepo uye kusvibiswa pamusoro peNorth America. NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) chishandiso chinopa vafemberi vemhando yemhepo nezviyero zvakaunganidzwa kubva muhuwandu hwezviridzwa zveNASA, mukati memaawa matatu kubva pakuonekwa kwayo.
Kuti tive nemamiriro ehutano hwemhepo, tinogona kutarisa data yehutano hwemhepo munguva chaiyo. Izvi zvinotevera masensa anogona kuyera akasiyana emhando yemhepo paramita
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-04-2024